tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-75283556215071267182024-03-13T07:55:56.052-07:00Oakland County Painter (248) 787-0963As accomplished Oakland County Painters, Golden Touch Painting and Drywall has been providing quality services to Oakland County and the Detroit metro area for over 15 years. Our team of Oakland County Painters has collective knowledge, experience and industry resources that can provide a high performance solution for your painting project that meets your time line and your budget! For a free estimate please call one of our informative representatives today @ (248) 787-0963Golden Touch Painting & Drywall Inc.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16669604050798736334noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7528355621507126718.post-67677326444460855432011-02-17T22:42:00.001-08:002013-02-02T07:41:43.522-08:00Oakland County Painter (248) 787-0963<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><a href="http://www.paintermichigan.com/">Golden Touch Painting & Drywall Inc</a> is a local Oakland County Painting and Drywall Contractor with over 15 years experience, located in the </b><b><a href="http://www.westbloomfieldpainters.com/">West Bloomfield</a>, Oakland County Michigan area</b><b>. We provide our services to the Metro Detroit, Oakland County, Macomb County and Wayne County areas of Michigan. </b><br />
<br />
<b>We provide quality </b><b>residential, industrial and commercial</b><b> interior and exterior painting, drywall installation, drywall finishing, drywall repairs along with other <a href="http://www.paintermichigan.com/">remodeling and restoration services</a>. <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></span></b> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">We simply offer quality workmanship at very competitive prices. We can meet your timetable and financial requirements without sacrificing quality.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;"> </span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.westbloomfieldpainters.com/" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPPku2XlJFQiCg9Im0WXygvoly_tcG5-LbBNvgGv_xtfDIczjOEKkGEet3ByMqLdKXuAT7DPL4wA7ZRJiuVeig4V6102DsWNE5hk0fsCEifoAv8jEWNMflpxfdXYTW0NfqbpbgGLRAVmCO/s1600/Oakland+County+Painter+striped+wall.jpeg" /></a></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_1628629766" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJnKjAzIsmHrvg0k2aigJIklNIKrMkta80ZxBNolqMFlz_0e5yGox9zX-MN5uQEGZUFP3OI1B3pDeZpE-HNI7jlLKg9CQXhf8h-VGDKm4vNvkCY2B7W8V1EhFmrUxO4jAGtZTGphiueaU/s320/interior-house-painting3.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.westbloomfieldpainters.com/">Oakland County Custom Interior Painting</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>We pride ourselves on attention to detail and custom quality work so you can rest assure that the ending results of anything we touch will be as good as gold! </b> <b>If you're looking for reliable and quality workmanship in the <a href="http://www.westbloomfieldpainters.com/">South East region of Michigan</a>, you just found a good Oakland County painting and drywall company. 248-787-0963 </b> <br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.westbloomfieldpainters.com/">Custom Painting for the Quality Conscious Business and Homeowner's</a></span></b></div>
<b> <br />
• Premium Grade Coatings Used<br />
• Thorough Surface Preparation<br />
• Fully Insured<br />
• Quality Guaranteed<br />
</b><b> <span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">For a free estimate and other services, please contact us at: </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">(248) 787-0963</span></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<u><b>Painting can enhance the appearance of your home or workplace significantly</b></u>, whether it is interior or exterior painting project you want to have done. We work with real estate agents and interior designers and all of them agree on one thing: PAINTING IS THE MOST COST EFFECTIVE UPGRADE OF YOUR HOME. There is nothing out there that will get you more return on your investment than simply painting your house. Professionally that is. For free estimates (248) 787-0963<br />
<br />
You can take a dull looking home with builder’s off whites, apply custom colors that will add character and bring new life to your house which will make it feel more inviting for you and your family. into a mansion that looks like a million bucks. At the same time it will increase the value and equity of your home. www.westbloomfieldpainters.com<br />
<br />
That’s why many house owners that find selling their homes difficult will turn to a painter for help. And we can help! Not just with your home but with any painting project you may have. Our experience professional residential house painters will also determine the best possible application method for the specific project, including airless spray technology.<br />
<br />
There is a common misconception that airless spray painting is inefficient and wastes paint. But there are a number of factors that dramatically change the outcome of such a method of application. Our team of experienced professional painters know how to use the industrial airless spray technology to maximize use of every gallon of paint.<br />
<br />
This includes using the right pressure for the paint being sprayed and choosing the correct tip size for the specific work being performed to minimize over spray, therefore, less wasted paint and we are using straight paint (un-thinned). That results in having to spray fewer coats than if painted by roller or brush. Especially with a brush (which you have to thin so it spreads more evenly and brush marks are minimal, although not completely vanished) and that contributes to using about the same amount or in some instances even less paint than conventional methods of application, contradicting the common misconception.<br />
<br />
Sprayed surfaces such as trim and doors tend to have a more uniform appearance that resembles the smooth surface of a fridge as opposed to surfaces that look like an orange peel (caused by roller) or brush marks (caused by brush). In any case, our interior exterior painters will help you with all of your painting needs in a courteous and timely manner.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 18pt;">Do you live around <a href="http://www.paintermichigan.com/">Oakland County Michigan</a> or are you doing Business in the <a href="http://www.westbloomfieldpainters.com/">Oakland County area</a>? Are you in need of a Reliable and Quality Oakland County Painter or Drywall Contractor?</span></b></div>
<br />
Our team of Golden Touch tradesman and Oakland County Painters focus on individual service and attention to detail that produces dramatic results in a personal, <b>professional and cost-effective</b> manner. We take great pride in our ability to <a href="http://www.paintermichigan.com/p/iterior-painter-michigan.html">provide professional service and efficient completion</a> of all our project needs.<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Within the many years of experience that Golden Touch Painting and Drywall and our team of Oakland County Painters has had in the commercial, industrial and residential areas of interior and exterior painting, drywall hanging, drywall finishing, carpentry, and many other remodeling and restoration services in the <a href="http://www.oaklandcountypainter.com/">Oakland County Michigan</a> area, our team of precision quality Oakland County interior painters, exterior painters, drywall hangers, drywall finishers and carpenters can take care of almost any situation within these fields of operation! From a straightforward paint job to a complete renovation.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
We have been contracted to paint, remodel or restore nearly every type of structure, be it a restaurant, an historic property, an apartment complex, a Home Owners Association, a custom home, a place of business, an entire commercial office complex or an industrial site, we've done it all. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY9MGBg1vS_3x2zx169IKFCNDWQ4gWsvGoUYZrvknj9tGBbXsnizwq_p7K99q4y_o0QgwL-3pYBtoX_7RBCDcqpJEnYRY-PxNi7RQz2dzLtAznPC_jy-O1AYpeSMJ7Nx6iJLmBwS-pd22P/s1600/After+Drywall+is+painted.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY9MGBg1vS_3x2zx169IKFCNDWQ4gWsvGoUYZrvknj9tGBbXsnizwq_p7K99q4y_o0QgwL-3pYBtoX_7RBCDcqpJEnYRY-PxNi7RQz2dzLtAznPC_jy-O1AYpeSMJ7Nx6iJLmBwS-pd22P/s1600/After+Drywall+is+painted.jpeg" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.paintermichigan.com/p/iterior-painter-michigan.html"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjURTprABNcbKWbTlILGyxoD2cYkqmZuynCZcZKWdvnIBqm2lfgUMYLAcSthmY6kWALO2JQSJyIWTgzkf2gPt8oobrkw0JW1ORmCwlZOEzaxlsbauQgIXxLPWS0XSaWAj2CXma7keAWzr3r/s1600/Cool+designed+bedroom.jpeg" /></a> </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<br />
Golden Touch Painting and Drywall Inc is a company who has worked hard to earn a reputation for our quality craftsmanship and we look forward to showing the residents of Oakland County Michigan that it is well deserved.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><u><b>Let us help to keep the value of your </b></u></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><u><b>home or place of business! </b></u></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<b>Oakland County Michigan's Golden Touch Painting and Drywall Company understands that your home or business can be one of your most valuable assets, so we strive to make the finished product something that helps retain its value for decades to come. Our friendly and respectful Oakland County Painter staff will treat your house or place of business like it was their own and our crews are trained to be responsive and hassle-free when dealing with clients. </b><br />
<br />
<b>Our team of Oakland County painters and tradesman do our best to try to give you your privacy while we work and will be more than happy to thoroughly answer any questions you may have</b>.<br />
<br />
Our quotation process is simple, without convoluted processes and fees. Step by step, Golden touch Painting and Drywall experts of tradesman and Oakland County Painters will walk you through your home or place of business to understand the precise needs of each individual room for any interior remodeling questions and inspect every curve and nook on the outside for exterior work. <b> </b><br />
<br />
<b>Golden Touch Painting and Drywall's thorough and experienced Oakland County Painter, drywall or carpentry staff will make sure your home or businesses painting project, remodeling project or restoration project is complete, on-budget and on-time!</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihHhbWpo9Ck24rORdlh52WO2Fp7HWzBREcEzb93olw84io8LU9tizxTx5QjODvXeH9tIKjibZZvwJersAX0LUYP7mcdvjzXn1Kc3bO7gtZi-fc5YqcvMX6aQO18tCEzWIkzwEU4iKwiZc-/s1600/luxurious+interior+design.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihHhbWpo9Ck24rORdlh52WO2Fp7HWzBREcEzb93olw84io8LU9tizxTx5QjODvXeH9tIKjibZZvwJersAX0LUYP7mcdvjzXn1Kc3bO7gtZi-fc5YqcvMX6aQO18tCEzWIkzwEU4iKwiZc-/s1600/luxurious+interior+design.jpeg" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWMk9cw1SsoxpDDMOWekmcyroPvkGOnNoB_M2cbjh7NSYflusGk9m-W6q2WYVdpkfZQr9HMK9ufGKtaWBs50cL_KxrW4FIeZb68f4Y_Oe2olwWgVZgM-wSszlNzhBj5J11Qo9obUg1duiU/s1600/Custom+Oakland+County+interior+painting+in+Mi.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWMk9cw1SsoxpDDMOWekmcyroPvkGOnNoB_M2cbjh7NSYflusGk9m-W6q2WYVdpkfZQr9HMK9ufGKtaWBs50cL_KxrW4FIeZb68f4Y_Oe2olwWgVZgM-wSszlNzhBj5J11Qo9obUg1duiU/s1600/Custom+Oakland+County+interior+painting+in+Mi.jpeg" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
It is important for our companies team of tradesman and Oakland County Painters to build a strong relationship with you the communities, business owners, home owners and contractors which we serve. It's our goal to leave every customer satisfied, wanting to use us for many years to come and also recommend us to others. <br />
<br />
Whether you're a perfectionist looking for the best quality custom work or a <a href="http://www.oaklandcountypainter.com/">Realtor</a> simply looking to quickly fix up a property, you can assure our Oakland County Painters or tradesman from Golden Touch Painting and Drywall Inc will provide the necessary services you need with golden results. We strive to be one of Oakland County's leading interior and exterior painting, drywall, and carpentry companies in Michigan.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<u><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Are you looking for Professionalism? Are you Looking for a reliable Oakland County Painter? Well you found it!</span></b></u></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Golden Touch Painting and Drywall's team of qualified professional Tradesman and Oakland County Painters undergo thorough training in advanced painting, drywall and carpentry techniques and safety operations. Our staff has a positive and helpful approach towards answering customers’ questions and addressing your needs.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Attention to <a href="http://www.westbloomfieldpainters.com/">detail and custom finishes</a> are our priorities. The most important part of a top-quality paint job is not just the painting, it is the preparation before paint is applied. Remember that paint is only as good as the surface it goes on. Our team of qualified professional Tradesman and Oakland County Painters take meticulous care in surface preparation and selection of outstanding surfacing materials and finishes in which we use, so you can trust any Oakland County Painter from us who is working on your job.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Believe it or not but carpentry, drywall and painting all deal with one another, each depending on the other to look there best, so when you have the best experts in each one of the field's putting together top quality work, you can bet on a <a href="http://www.westbloomfieldpainters.com/">A1 top notch quality</a> job being performed, and that's what our team of qualified professional Tradesman and Oakland County Painters from Golden Touch Painting & Drywall Inc delivers to all of our customers.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Golden Touch Painting and Drywall and our team of qualified professional Tradesman and Oakland County Painters recognizes the importance of providing our services at times that are convenient and necessary to you. Therefore, <b>we provide Oakland County painter crews on off-hours and weekends so our work will not interfere with your normal day-to-day operations and business.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
For our tradesman or Oakland County Painter employees, we encourage the free exchange of ideas and provide opportunities for training, employment, career advancement, and economic security fairly and equally to all who would apply themselves, as well as to provide a safe working environment by establishing good safety practices in compliance with current federal, state and local laws. </div>
<br />
Michigan's Golden Touch Painting and Drywall Inc. is a group of Oakland County painters, drywall and carpentry craftsman devoted to expanding painting, drywall and carpentry knowledge, and to <a href="http://www.westbloomfieldpainters.com/">preserve and beautify Oakland County Michigan</a> and the surrounding areas.<br />
<br />
Please do not get our team of qualified professional Tradesman and Oakland County Painters mixed up with your regular ordinary handyman service or other painting contractors in the Michigan area, because all of the individuals that work for <a href="http://www.oaklandcountypainter.com/">Golden Touch Painting and Drywall Inc</a> are professional and reliable craftsman, each specializing in there own field of operations with many years of experience under there belts. For instance, we have certain Oakland County painters who are more knowledgeable and experienced dealing with <a href="http://www.westbloomfieldpainters.com/">high end residential custom repaints</a>, also we have other professional Oakland County painters who are more experienced with commercial painting aspects, others who are more experienced with interior painting in Oakland County, and others who are more experienced with exterior painting in Oakland County and the same goes for our Oakland County drywall crews and Oakland County carpentry crews.<br />
<br />
So whatever your needs might be, you can rest assure that our team of qualified professional Tradesman and Oakland County Painters from <a href="http://www.westbloomfieldpainters.com/">Golden Touch Painting and Drywall Inc of West Bloomfield</a>'s Oakland County painters in Michigan will provide you with the best qualified professionals, performing the best quality work and craftsmanship available each in there own fields of operation.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><a href="http://www.oaklandcountypainter.com/">Oakland County Michigan</a> Specials:</u></span><br />
</b><br />
<b>15% off- complete repaints of Residential Exteriors to the first 20 customers to sign up this winter for the spring and summer 2012 season.<br />
10% off- complete repaints of Residential interiors (Dec. – Apr.<br />
Multiple room discounts, Realtor discounts<br />
Referral bonuses<br />
Preferred customer discounts</b><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Do you live in the following Mi. cities and in need of a</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Oakland County Painter? </span></b></div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Our team of qualified professional Tradesman and Oakland County Painters</b><b> are happy to provide our Interior and Exterior Painting, drywall and carpentry services to all of these communities and cities in the Oakland County Michigan area.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.oaklandcountypainter.com/"></a></b><br />
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="top">Addison<br />
Auburn Hills<br />
Berkley<br />
Beverly Hills<br />
Bingham Farms<br />
Birmingham<br />
Bloomfield<br />
Bloomfield Hills<br />
Brandon<br />
Clarkston<br />
Clawson<br />
Commerce<br />
Farmington<br />
Farmington Hills<br />
Fenton<br />
Ferndale<br />
Franklin Village<br />
Groveland<br />
Hazel Park</td> <td valign="top">Highland<br />
Holly<br />
Huntington Woods<br />
Independence<br />
Keego Harbor<br />
Lake Angelus<br />
Lake Orion<br />
Lathrup Village<br />
Leonard<br />
Lyon Township<br />
Madison Heights<br />
Milford<br />
Northville<br />
Novi<br />
Oak Park<br />
Oakland<br />
Orchard Lake<br />
Ortonville<br />
Oxford</td> <td valign="top">Pleasant Ridge<br />
Pontiac<br />
Rochester Hills<br />
Rochester<br />
Rose Township<br />
Royal Oak<br />
South Lyon<br />
Southfield<br />
Springfield<br />
Sylvan Lake<br />
Troy<br />
Walled Lake<br />
Waterford<br />
West Bloomfield<br />
White Lake<br />
Wixom <br />
Wolverine Lake</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
48009 48017 48025 48030 48034 48067 48069 48070 48071 48072 48073 48075 48076 48083 48084 48098 48165 48178 48220 48237 48301 48302 48304 48306 48307 48309 48320 48322 48323 48324 48326 48327 48328 48329 48331 48334 48335 48336 48340 48341 48342 48346 48348 48350 48356 48357 48359 48360 48362 48363 48367 48370 48371 48374 48375 48377 48380 48381 48382 48383 48386 48390 48393 48442 48462 </span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;">Why Should You <a href="http://www.oaklandcountypainter.com/p/exterior-oakland-county-painter-248-787.html">Hire a Professional</a> Oakland County Painter?</span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">There’s Only So Many Hours in a Day:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Where will you find the time to get the job done? This weekend? Next weekend? Next month? Doesn’t it always seem like something else (life!) seems to happen? Doesn’t always seem like most home projects end up taking longer then what you thought they would? There’s a wedding, there’s a ballgame, there’s a function at school, a deadline is looming at the office – you get the idea. You can tell yourself you will eventually get to it, but in the meantime, you could have contracted the paint job and had it completed.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">It’s a Long Way to the Ground:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> In other words, when you fall off the ladder, it’s going to hurt. Golden Touches Oakland County Painters are not only skilled in their profession, but they are experienced with the equipment needed to get the job done. If your spouse comes home to find that you just ruined her bed of roses because you dropped the paint bucket from the second story … you’ll wished you would have thought of calling that painting company she had suggested earlier.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Keeps You Healthy:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> If your home is older than 1978, it may contain leaded paint. A professional Oakland County painter will take steps to ensure that you and your family will not be at risk when it comes time to removing old paint. There are also fumes and chemicals to consider … fumes and chemicals that you’d be breathing if you were tackle the paint job yourself. How much will the emergency room visit cost you when you slip in the paint puddle you made on the floor? Stay healthy and let a professional assume the risk.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">No Clean-up:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Possibly the worst job in conjunction with the actual painting. A professional Oakland County Painter will safely dispose of toxic items as well as any residue that may remain from the job, including those little “whoops” that were made along the way.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">They Don’t Buy the Cheap Stuff:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> A professional Oakland County Painter knows what works and what doesn’t. If you think that paintbrush you got at the dollar store will do a nice job for you, think again, good luck making a straight line with it. It will only cost you time and more money to re-do and re-cover the project. Someone who has the best quality of supplies, will do the best quality of work. How much money would it cost you to purchase professional grade painting supplies? Why not just hire the professional?</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">It Just Makes Cents!</span></span></b> </li>
</ul>
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Metro Detroit Michigan's Golden Touch Painting and Drywall Contractor paints a pretty picture for Michigan Charities and Churches.<br />
<br />
Mike DeLuca from Golden Touch Painting and Drywall Inc. (248) 787-0963 and <a href="http://michiganchimneyrepair.com/default.aspx">Mark Maupin from Brick Repair LLC</a> paint one heck of a pretty picture of what the Metro Detroit community is really about! <br />
<br />
When I spoke with Mike DeLuca, he told me he was looking forward to giving back to the community that had kept them working through his own hard times. Mike is one of those truly honest contractors, who is delighted and feels blessed to have the opportunity to give back to the community. Mike and Mark have been working in Michigan’s past good years and also now during these unfortunate rough times of our economy.<br />
<br />
Mike Said “It has been rough for the past few years. I know that a lot of Michigan contractors have been struggling to keep there heads above water, and I was no exception. Our economy is not the same as it was 7 years ago. I feel blessed to have a roof over my head and to be able to keep busy during these rough times of our economy. I was blessed to have a few local church’s help me out when I needed it. So it only feels right to give back.”<br />
<br />
Mike Run's a small painting & drywall company, in Oakland county Mi. they have been in the home repair and restoration industry for over 15 years. They are happy to provide the following services.<br />
<br />
Interior & Exterior Painting, Epoxy floor coatings, Murals, Staining and varnishing, Faux Finishes (multiple methods), Wall paper removal, Wall paper hanging, Caulking, Fire and Water Damage Repair, Insurance work, Power washing, Block or Concrete water proofing, Deck restoration, Aluminum fence painting, Steele structure coatings, Sand Blasting, Drywall Installation, Drywall Repair, Drywall Hanging, Drywall Finishing, Popcorn ceilings & other textured wall & ceiling applications, Rough & Finish Carpentry, Rotted wood replacement, Basement Finishing, Interior Demolition.<br />
<br />
Mike and Mark are looking to find a church or charity to provide there services to free of charge. They said “We will provide the labor and tools, if they provide the material. We have an opening available in our calendar on Mar. 15<sup>th</sup> and if we can find someone to help during that time it would be a great way to ring in the New Year”. <span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">We hope any information gained is beneficial please feel free to call Mike for a consultation on any painting project. (248) 787-0963 or go to <a href="http://www.oaklandcountypainter.com/">www.oaklandcountypainter.com</a> </span></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><b>If you're in need of a great Masonry Contractor then please visit -</b> <a href="http://michiganchimneyrepair.com/default.aspx">http://michiganchimneyrepair.com/default.aspx</a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://michiganchimneyrepair.com/default.aspx"><img border="0" height="380" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RuYdTsYXWlk/TwK5i8vBkBI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/4CI9nnG_acI/s640/IMAG0278.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18pt;">Are you thinking about renting or buying a home or maybe updating and remodeling a house or home? Here are some important facts and information that our team of West Bloomfield Painters thought would be important about the dangers of lead based paints from Wikipedia:</span></u></b></div>
<br />
<br /></div>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">
Lead-based paint in the United States</h1>
<div id="siteSub">
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.5em 0px 0.8em 1.4em; width: auto;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div id="toctitle">
<h2>
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#" id="togglelink">hide</a>] </span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#State_action_against_the_lead_paint_industry"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">State action against the lead paint industry</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#Real_estate_maintenance_and_renovation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Real estate maintenance and renovation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint" title="Lead-based paint">Lead-based paint</a></b> in the <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b> resulted in a court case against the Lead Industries Association.<br />
Due in great part to studies carried out by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_J._Landrigan" title="Philip J. Landrigan">Philip J. Landrigan</a>, paint containing more than 0.06% (by weight of dried product) lead was banned for residential use in the United States in 1978 by the U.S. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Product_Safety_Commission" title="Consumer Product Safety Commission">Consumer Product Safety Commission</a> (16 Code of Federal Regulations CFR 1303). The U.S. Government defines "lead-based paint" as any "paint, surface coating that contains lead equal to or exceeding one milligram per square centimeter (1.0 mg/cm2) or 0.5% by weight."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> Some states have adopted this or similar definitions of "lead-based paint." These definitions are used to enforce regulations that apply to certain activities conducted in housing constructed prior to 1978, such as abatement, or the permanent elimination of a "lead-based paint hazard."<br />
The U.S. Government and many states have regulations regarding lead-based paint. Many of them apply to evaluating a property for lead-based paint. There are two different testing procedures that are similar but yield different information. Lead-based paint inspections will evaluate all painted surfaces in a complex to determine where lead-based paint, if any, is present. The procedures for lead inspections is outlined in the HUD Guidelines, Chapter 7, 1997 Revision. The other testing is a lead-based paint risk assessment. In this testing, only deteriorated painted surfaces are tested and dust wipe samples are collected. This information will help the risk assessor determine if there are any <i>lead hazards</i>. Many property owners decided to get a combination of both tests to determine where the lead-based paint is present and what hazards are present as well. Risk assessments are outlined in the HUD Guidelines, Chapter 5. In addition, if a child is poisoned in a property, the owner may be required to perform abatement (permanent elimination of the lead hazard).<br />
In 1996, the Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation was enacted. It requires owners of pre-1978 "target housing" to disclose to potential buyers or renters all known information about the presence of lead-based paint and/or lead-based paint hazards in the property. It requires that the potential buyer or tenant be given the lead information pamphlet, "Protect Your Family From Lead In Your Home," or other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>-approved pamphlet as well as a specific disclosure statement. The option of whether to test for the presence of lead-based paint is left to the owner, so long as a decision not to test is disclosed.<br />
EPA signed a new regulation (Renovation, Repair and Painting (RRP))<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup> regarding the renovation of child-occupied buildings built before 1978 on April 22, 2008. The rule (Federal Register: July 15, 2009 (Volume 74, Number 134)) became effective April 22, 2010. Under the rule, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_contractor" title="General contractor">contractors</a> performing renovation, repair and painting projects that disturb lead-based coatings (including lead paint, shellac or varnish) in child-occupied facilities built before 1978 must be certified and must follow specific work practices to prevent lead contamination. EPA’s RRP rule impacts many construction trades, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_contractor" title="General contractor">general contractors</a> and special trade contractors, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator" title="House painter and decorator">painters</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">plumbers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpenters</a>, window installers, wood floor refinishers and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">electricians</a>. Activities performed by all of these trades can disturb lead-based paint and have the potential to create hazardous lead dust. For most individuals, eight hours of training is required. However, individuals who have successfully completed renovation courses developed by HUD or EPA, or an abatement worker or supervisor course accredited by EPA or an authorized State or Tribal program, can become certified renovators by taking a four hour EPA-accredited renovator refresher training.<br />
The RRP rule is controversial, primarily due to the increased cost remodelers incur as a result of having to set up dust containment apparatuses,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup> including sealing off doorways and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> ducts with plastic. Various national trade associations have been very vocal in their opposition,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup> some going so far as to sue the EPA. Still, the EPA is deliberating expanding the rule to require contractors to pass a third-party dust wipe clearance exam<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup> to in order to complete remodel work in pre-1978 buildings.<br />
Although the rule was not fully implemented until April 2010, certain elements were required before, and others required attention well before April 2010.<br />
Before April 2009 – Contractors that disturb paint in homes, residential buildings, schools and child care facilities built prior to 1978 had to provide lead hazard information prior to the start of the job to building owners, occupants, and to the families of children using the facilities by distributing EPA’s new Renovate Right brochure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup> As of April 2009 – Trainers could begin to apply to EPA or an EPA-approved state for accreditation, and, once approved, contractors and construction trade workers could begin to take the training to become certified. Beginning October 2009 – Firms could apply for EPA or state certification. Beginning April 2010 – All businesses engaged in renovation, repair or painting activities in homes, residential buildings, schools and child care facilities built prior to 1978 must be certified, use certified workers, and follow specific lead-safe work practices to prevent lead contamination.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: State action against the lead paint industry">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="State_action_against_the_lead_paint_industry">State action against the lead paint industry</span></h2>
The state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> filed a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance" title="Nuisance">public nuisance</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> in 1999 <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_Rhode_Island_v._Lead_Industries_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" title="State of Rhode Island v. Lead Industries Association (page does not exist)">State of Rhode Island v. Lead Industries Association</a> to get the former manufacturers of lead paint to pay for the clean up of current lead hazards in Rhode Island. After a trial that ended in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_jury" title="Hung jury">hung jury</a> in 2002, the state refiled the case. In February 2006, the jury decided in favor of the state and said that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwin-Williams" title="Sherwin-Williams">Sherwin-Williams</a>, NL Industries and Millennium Holdings would have to pay for the clean-up of lead paint in the state. On July 1, 2008, the Rhode Island Supreme Court in a landmark decision overturned the verdict,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup> dismissing the case stating that "the State of Rhode Island 'cannot allege' facts sufficient to state a claim for common law <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance" title="Nuisance">public nuisance</a> against lead pigment manufacturers."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup><br />
In 2007, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Supreme_Court" title="Missouri Supreme Court">Missouri Supreme Court</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_note-9">[10]</a></sup> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Supreme_Court" title="New Jersey Supreme Court">New Jersey Supreme Court</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup> also rejected the use of the public nuisance theory in lead paint lawsuits, leaving Ohio and California as the only two remaining public nuisance cases.<br />
The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" title="California Supreme Court">California Supreme Court</a> has reviewed the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_fee" title="Contingency fee">contingency fee</a> agreement between the municipalities and private counsel. A briefing schedule is currently being set.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup> But in recent rulings the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" title="California Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> held the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent_fee" title="Contingent fee">contingent fee</a> agreement is improper stating that “When a government attorney has a personal interest in the litigation, the neutrality so essential to the system is violated.”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_note-12">[13]</a></sup><br />
While the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Columbus" title="City of Columbus">City of Columbus</a>, Ohio voluntary dropped its lawsuit against the paint industry after the Rhode Island decision,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_note-13">[14]</a></sup> the State of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>'s suit remains.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Real estate maintenance and renovation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Real_estate_maintenance_and_renovation">Real estate maintenance and renovation</span></h2>
Humans can be poisoned during unsafe renovations or repainting jobs on housing that has lead paint. Therefore, homeowners are encouraged to carefully stabilize any deteriorated (peeling, chipping, cracking, etc.) paint in a lead-safe manner. More than 250,000 children in the United States have dangerous levels of lead in their bodies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_note-14">[15]</a></sup><br />
Working in a lead-safe manner means avoiding dry <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanding" title="Sanding">sanding</a>, dry scraping, removing paint by torching/burning, the use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_gun" title="Heat gun">heat guns</a> over 1100°F, machine-sanding or grinding without <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a> filtered dust collection or HEPA-filtered vacuum. These methods are now prohibited by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">United States Department of Housing and Urban Development</a> (HUD) because they have been proved to create significant levels of lead dust during remodeling, renovation and painting. They must be avoided, especially in properties where children under age six reside. Adult workers using unsafe work practices or improper protective gear may also become lead-poisoned.<br />
There are specialized paint strippers for use with lead paint such as LEAD-OUT Paint Stripper, Strip-Tox, Lead-X, and others. Some of these specialized strippers render lead non-hazardous decreasing the risks associated with lead paint removal.<br />
HUD requires a dust test for "clearance" at the end of any remodeling or repainting job be performed by a third-party professional who is independent of the entity performing the work. Contact your state's lead-poisoning prevention program (call the local health department or environmental department) or look in your Yellow Pages director under "lead paint" or "environmental consultants" to locate a lead-based paint professional who can do a clearance examination for your job.<br />
Lead evaluations of paint are usually performed by a field testing method known as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Ray_fluorescence" title="X-Ray fluorescence">X-Ray fluorescence</a> (XRF) using equipment such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a> Innov-X LBP4000, RMD LPA-1, or the Thermo Scientific's Niton. XRF is the preferred method because it is not destructive and a reading is usually obtained in about 4–8 seconds with a 95% accuracy at the 2-sigma level.<br />
Instruments of this sort have an inconclusive range, and when a reading falls in this range (range is different for each instrument and model), a paint chip may be taken and sent for laboratory analysis. Testing for lead in dust, water, and air also require laboratory analysis. Commercially available lead test kits are often used to test for the presence of lead, but they are not reliable and not authorized by HUD to be used in determining if a property is lead-based-paint free.<br />
The home's year of construction can be a clue as to the likelihood that lead is present in its paint. Generally, two thirds of homes older than 1940 contain at least some lead paint, homes built between 1940 and 1960 have a 50% chance of containing such paint, homes built between 1960 and 1978 may still contain lead paint, while homes built after 1978 are unlikely to have lead-based paint.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_note-15">[16]</a></sup> The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control performs regular studies of housing-based health hazards in the U.S.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_safe_work_practices" title="Lead safe work practices">Lead safe work practices</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_paint" title="Environmental issues with paint">Environmental issues with paint</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues in the United States</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dcwatch.com/archives/council15/15-721.htm" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.greenedu.com/epa-lead-rrp-overview/" rel="nofollow">"RRP Overview & Contractor Certification"</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/91440959.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/91440959.html</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://testudoonline.com/content/window-and-door-dealers-voice-opposition-expanded-lead-law" rel="nofollow">http://testudoonline.com/content/window-and-door-dealers-voice-opposition-expanded-lead-law</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://testudoonline.com/node/20" rel="nofollow">http://testudoonline.com/node/20</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/renovaterightbrochure.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/renovaterightbrochure.pdf</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/sbcomplianceguide.pdf</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.courts.ri.gov/supreme/pdf-files/Corrected%20Version%20State%20v.%20Lead%20Paint%20Industries%20Assoc.,%20Inc..pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.courts.ri.gov/supreme/pdf-files/Corrected%20Version%20State%20v.%20Lead%20Paint%20Industries%20Assoc.,%20Inc..pdf</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.nuisancelaw.com/court-decisions/rhode-island-supreme-court-2008" rel="nofollow">Thomas R. Bender: "State of Rhode Island v. Lead Industries Association"</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.courts.mo.gov/courts/pubopinions.nsf/0f87ea4ac0ad4c0186256405005d3b8e/2886f48a874d6f28862572f8006c6ff8?OpenDocument" rel="nofollow">http://www.courts.mo.gov/courts/pubopinions.nsf/0f87ea4ac0ad4c0186256405005d3b8e/2886f48a874d6f28862572f8006c6ff8?OpenDocument</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://lawlibrary.rutgers.edu/courts/supreme/a-73-05.doc.html" rel="nofollow">http://lawlibrary.rutgers.edu/courts/supreme/a-73-05.doc.html</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.legalnewsline.com/news/214352-paint-industrys-appeal-of-contingent-fee-contract-will-be-heard-by-calif.-sc" rel="nofollow">http://www.legalnewsline.com/news/214352-paint-industrys-appeal-of-contingent-fee-contract-will-be-heard-by-calif.-sc</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.nuisancelaw.com/court-decisions/contingent-fee" rel="nofollow">Court Decisions on Contingency Fee in Public Nuisance Litigations Item 2</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://legalnewsline.com/news/214039-another-paint-suit-brushed-away" rel="nofollow">John O'Brien: Another paint suit brushed away</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/" rel="nofollow">"Center for Disease Control and Prevention"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 24, 2010</span>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/5054.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/5054.html</a> What You Should Know About Lead Based Paint in Your Home: Safety Alert, Consumer Product Safety Commission, Accessed 08-30-2010</li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/leadpbed.htm#nlic." rel="nofollow">US National Lead Information Center</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.hud.gov/offices/lead" rel="nofollow">Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/research/project/enviro/hazard/lead/lead-advertising/medical-knowledge.htm" rel="nofollow">Medical Knowledge of the Dangers of Lead-Based Paint</a></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<u style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Here is more information from Wikipedia about house painting and decorating:</span></u><b><br />
</b></div>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">
House painter and decorator</h1>
<div id="siteSub">
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;">
<img alt="Globe icon." height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" width="48" /></div>
</td> <td class="mbox-text">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>. Please <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_painter_and_decorator&action=edit">improve this article</a> and discuss the issue on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:House_painter_and_decorator" title="Talk:House painter and decorator">talk page</a>. <small><i>(December 2010)</i></small></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern-Trade-Painter.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="148" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Modern-Trade-Painter.jpg/220px-Modern-Trade-Painter.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Modern-Trade-Painter.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
A modern house painter</div>
</div>
</div>
A <b>house painter and decorator</b> is a tradesman responsible for the painting and decorating of buildings, and is also known as a <b>decorator</b> or <b>house painter</b>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TMD_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-TMD-1">[2]</a></sup> The purpose of painting is to make the house look better or to protect it from damage by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_damage" title="Water damage">water</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rust</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mould" title="Mould">mould</a>.<br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div id="toctitle">
<h2>
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#" id="togglelink">hide</a>] </span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#History_of_the_trade"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History of the trade</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#Tools_of_the_trade"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Tools of the trade</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#Activities_of_the_trade"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Activities of the trade</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_painter_and_decorator&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the trade">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_the_trade">History of the trade</span></h2>
In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, little is known of the trade and its structures before the late 13th century, at which point <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> began to form, amongst them the Painters Company and the Stainers Company. These two guilds eventually merged with the consent of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_the_City_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of the City of London">Lord Mayor of the City of London</a> in 1502, forming the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Painter-Stainers" title="Worshipful Company of Painter-Stainers">Worshipful Company of Painter-Stainers</a>. The guild standardised the craft and acted as a protector of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secrets</a>. In 1599, the guild asked Parliament for protection, which was eventually granted in a bill of 1606, which granted the trade protection from outside competition such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plasterers</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TMD_1-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-TMD-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
The Act legislated for a sevens year <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a>, and also barred plasterers from painting, unless apprenticed to a painter, with the penalty for such painting being a fine of £5. The Act also enshrined a maximum daily fee of 16 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_pence" title="Old pence">old pence</a> for their labour.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TMD_1-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-TMD-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Painter_paints_a_room_arp.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="170" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Painter_paints_a_room_arp.jpg/220px-Painter_paints_a_room_arp.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Painter_paints_a_room_arp.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
A painter painting a room in a house</div>
</div>
</div>
Enforcement of this Act by the Painter-Stainers Company was sought up until the early 19th century, with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_craftsman" title="Master craftsman">master painters</a> gathering irregularly to decide the fees that a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journeyman" title="Journeyman">journeyman</a> could charge, and also instigating an early version of a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_centre" title="Job centre">job centre</a> in 1769, advertising in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a> a "house of call" system to advertise for journeymen and also for journeymen to advertise for work. The guild's power in setting the fee a journeyman could charge was eventually overturned by law in 1827, and the period after this saw the guild's power diminish, along with that of the other guilds; the guilds were superseded by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>, with the Operative United Painters' Union forming sometime around 1831.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TMD_1-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-TMD-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
In 1894, a national association formed, recreating itself in 1918 as the National Federation of Master Painters and Decorators of England and Wales, then changing its name once again to the British Decorators Association before merging, in 2002, with the Painting & Decorating Federation to form the Painting & Decorating Association. The Construction Industry Joint Council, a body formed of both unions and business organizations, today has responsibility for the setting of pay levels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TMD_1-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-TMD-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_painter_and_decorator&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tools of the trade">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Tools_of_the_trade">Tools of the trade</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grille_peinture.jpg"><img alt="Grille peinture.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Grille_peinture.jpg/220px-Grille_peinture.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grille_peinture.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
The modern composition of paints results in latex formulations being widely used for exterior as well as interior. That reduces post painting cleanup, and reduces the smells associated with petroleum and polyester based paints. Computerized paint scanners formulate new paints to match the often faded colour of existing paints. Many chain stores offer colour matching service.<br />
Modern paints are available in various specialized formulations that can be fade resistant, chip resistant, odor free, antibiotic to resist mould and fungi growth, etc.<br />
For surfaces where a very smooth surface is desired, most retailers carry inexpensive chemicals that can be added to paints to better make the paint flow or lay flat.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup> Such additives are preferable to thinning paint, which can change some of the paint's characteristics.<br />
For the layman, the most confusing element is primer and priming surfaces. For surfaces such as wood, paint alone is too thick and will be on the surface, but not adhere well, resulting in flaking. Primer is a thin paint solution, or even a specialized liquid colour coordinated to support the finish coat, which penetrates into the pores of wood, and allows the finish coat to adhere to the underlying primer.<br />
Priming also results in less paint being needed. For unpainted wood, most laymen expect to apply two coats of paint. However, one coat of inexpensive primer and then a finish coat is much less expensive.<br />
For metal surfaces, primer may involve special characteristics to resist corrosion, prevent impact chipping or improve adhesion of the finish coat.<br />
Especially for problem paint jobs, such as new work, fungal presence or peeling paint, most professional paint retailers offer free consulting services. When their instructions and materials are used, guarantees of 5 to 20 years are available as to adhesion, water proofing, etc. of the finished paint job.<br />
For professional painters, the majority of their time is spent in preparation for paint application, not in painting per se. Cleaning and sanding surfaces, taping and applying paper or plastic to surfaces not to be painted typically involve 50% or more of the painter's total time budget.<br />
Although the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brush</a> and the fabric <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_roller" title="Paint roller">roller</a> were the tools most readily associated with the painter, foam brushes are now commonly used for precise work requiring a straight line. Foam brushes can also be used to create a smoother surface using less paint that dries more quickly than brush applications.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup> Like fabric rollers, foam rollers can also create patterns in the painted surface. Foam rollers are available in a variety of professional materials for high-quality applications. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup> Although used in a variety of applications, the foam roller is commonly used during the painting of doors to produce an extremely smooth finish.<br />
Recent advances in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacture" title="Manufacture">manufacture</a> have led to a standardization of brushes, with many older types of brushes falling from fashion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TMD_1-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-TMD-1">[2]</a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_painting" title="Spray painting">spray gun</a> is one of the latest tools in the painter's arsenal. It is powered by an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric" title="Electric">electric</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic" title="Pneumatic">pneumatic</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> powered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motor</a> which pumps paint through a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hose_%28tubing%29" title="Hose (tubing)">hose</a> into a gun which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomizer_nozzle" title="Atomizer nozzle">atomizes</a> the paint to a fine spray. With the airless spray gun it is possible to paint extremely large areas of surface in a short time.<br />
However, sprayed paint when dry can display unsightly patterns if the spraying application does not result in an even distribution of paint.<br />
The ground brush, also known as a pound brush, was a round or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">elliptical</a> brush bound by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twine" title="Twine">cord</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>. They were generally heavy to use, and required considerable usage to break them in. These brushes were predominantly used in the days before modern paint manufacturing techniques; hand-mixed paints requiring more working to create the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">finish</a>. These brushes still have use in applying <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_%28paint%29" title="Primer (paint)">primer</a>, as they are useful in working the primer into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain" title="Wood grain">grain</a> of the wood. Pound brushes required an even breaking in to create even <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">bevel</a> on both sides of the brush, minimising the formation of a point which would render the brush useless.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TMD_1-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-TMD-1">[2]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_sash" title="Window sash">Sash</a> tools were smaller brushes, similar to a ground brush, and used mainly for cutting in sash or glazing bars found on windows.<br />
Sash tools and ground brushes generally required <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridling" title="Bridling">bridling</a> before use, and a painter's efficiency in this skill was generally used as a guide to their overall ability. Both these brushes have largely been superseded by the modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnish</a> brush. Varnish brushes are the most common flat brushes available today and are used for painting as well as varnishing. Brushes intended for varnishing typically have a bevelled edge.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TMD_1-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-TMD-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distemper_%28paint%29" title="Distemper (paint)">Distemper</a> brushes, used for applying distemper, an early form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewash" title="Whitewash">whitewash</a>, were best made of pure <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristle" title="Bristle">bristle</a> and bound by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> bands to prevent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rust</a> damage. Styles differed across the world, with flat nailed brushes popular in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>, a two knot brush (a brush with two ovular heads) popular in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">Southern England</a>, and three knot brushes or flat head brushes preferred elsewhere. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> distemper brushes were known as calcimine, kalsomine or calsomine brushes, each term being the U.S. variant of whitewash.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TMD_1-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-TMD-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
Fitches are smaller brushes, either ovular or flat and one inch wide, that are used in fine work such as to pick out the detail on a painted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding_%28decorative%29" title="Molding (decorative)">moulding</a>. Stipplers come in various shapes and sizes and are used to apply paint with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stippling" title="Stippling">stippled</a> effect. A duster or jamb brush was used to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dust</a> the area to be painted before work commenced. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stencil" title="Stencil">Stencil</a> brushes, similar in style to a shaving brush, were used for the purpose of stencilling walls or in the creation of hand-made <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">wallpapers</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TMD_1-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-TMD-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
Brushes are best stored in a purpose made brush keeper, a box on which a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a> could be suspended. The wire would be threaded through the hole in a brush's handle so as to suspend the brush in a cleaning solution without allowing the brush to sit on the bottom of the container and thus cause spreading of the bristles. The solution would also prevent hardening of the brushes and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation" title="Oxidation">oxidization</a>. These were generally rectangular and stored several brushes. A lid would enclose the brushes and keep them free from dust.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TMD_1-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-TMD-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
If brushes are cleaned after use, they can last for years. Since most modern exterior and interior paints are latex based, cleaning the brushes after use with hot soapy water and a toothbrush can remove all traces of paint. Oil based paints are normally cleaned with a petroleum solvent such as mineral spirits, again using a toothbrush to remove all traces of paint. Metal "combs" are used to penetrate into the bristles of a brush to remove drying paint.<br />
Although paints are now available in no-drip containers to pour paint into trays for roller application, most paints are sold in metal gallon or quart cans. For large jobs, paints come in 5-gallon containers.<br />
For metal cans, a large diameter nail or punch is used to make drain holes in the lip of the can. The holes allow paint to return into the can. The lid can then be reattached correctly and removed later. Without the drain holes paint will accumulate in the lip, and act as an adhesive preventing the lid from being easily removed later. Closing a lid with paint in the lip can also result in paint travelling 15-feet or more horizontally.<br />
The air in partly filled paint cans forms over time a dried surface film. To prevent development of film, prior to closing a latex paint container add a small amount of distilled (or tap) water that will remain on the top and prevent drying. For oil based paints use the solvent recommended for brush cleaning. When the container is reopened, stir the water/solvent into the paint before using.<br />
<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drop_cloth&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Drop cloth (page does not exist)">Drop cloths</a>, brown painter's paper, dust-sheets, paint sheets, paint <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpaulin" title="Tarpaulin">tarpaulins</a> or plastic protection films are used to protect nearby surfaces that are not being painted.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masking_tape" title="Masking tape">Masking tape</a> can be used to define the line between the painted and unpainted surface, as well as to hold protection materials in place. Masking tape is available in several categories. The classic tape is a high adhesive. However it can damage the underlying surface when removed, and the longer it's in place the greater the risk of damage.<br />
Modern delay removal tape prevents damaging the taped surface.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup> "Delicate" tape has about 40% the adhesion of traditional tape, and can remain on a surface for up to 30-days without creating damage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup><br />
The less adhesive tapes should be used especially when tape is applied to new work. Depending on the paint composition, "dry" paint may still be soft and easily damaged for 30-days or more.<br />
Some modern house painters in the US, Canada and Australia have adopted colour <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">visualization</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software" title="Computer software">computer software</a>, developed by companies such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autech_Software_and_Design" title="Autech Software and Design">Autech Software & Design</a>, as an additional tool to help demonstrate to customers how their home would look after it is painted. House painters can use a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photo" title="Digital photo">digital photo</a> outputted by this software to show possible <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_schemes" title="Colour schemes">colour schemes</a> on the client's home exterior or room walls to help with their colour selection.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_painter_and_decorator&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Activities of the trade">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Activities_of_the_trade">Activities of the trade</span></h2>
Historically, the painter was responsible for the mixing of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a>; keeping a ready supply of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oils</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">thinners</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drier" title="Drier">driers</a>. The painter would use his experience to determine a suitable mixture depending on the nature of the job. In modern times, the painter is primarily responsible for preparation of the surface to be painted, such as patching holes in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall" title="Drywall">drywall</a>, using masking tape and other protection on surfaces not to be painted, applying the paint and then cleaning up.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TMD_1-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-TMD-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
Larger firms operating within the trade were generally capable of performing many painting or decoration services, from sign writing, to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilding</a> of objects or the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">finishing</a> or refinishing of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TMD_1-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_note-TMD-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
More recently, professional painters are responsible for all preparation prior to painting. All scraping, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanding" title="Sanding">sanding</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">wallpaper</a> removal, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulk" title="Caulk">caulking</a>, drywall or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> repair, patching, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stain_removal" title="Stain removal">stain removal</a>, filling <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_%28fastener%29" title="Nail (fastener)">nail</a> holes or any defects with plaster or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">putty</a>, cleaning, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive_tape" title="Adhesive tape">taping</a>, preparation and priming are considered to be done by the professional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_contractor" title="Independent contractor">contracted</a> painter.<br />
Before repainting, surfaces are usually cleaned with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_soap" title="Sugar soap">sugar soap</a> (in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_countries" title="Commonwealth countries">Commonwealth countries</a>) which usually contains <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_phosphate" title="Sodium phosphate">sodium phosphate</a>, and sometimes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_silicate" title="Sodium silicate">sodium silicate</a> as an abrasive, though formulations vary. In the U.S.A. a similar compound known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisodium_phosphate" title="Trisodium phosphate">TSP</a> is used but some modern formulations do not contain <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphates" title="Phosphates">phosphates</a> due to environmental concerns.<br />
Professional painters need to have keen knowledge of tools of the trade, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sander" title="Sander">sanders</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_scraper" title="Card scraper">scrapers</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_sprayer" title="Paint sprayer">paint sprayers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brushes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_roller" title="Paint roller">paint rollers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder" title="Ladder">ladders</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffolding" title="Scaffolding">scaffolding</a>, in addition to just the paint in order to correctly complete work. Much preparation needs to be considered before simply applying paint. For instance, taping and dropcloth techniques, sizes of brushes or rollers, material types or dimensions of rollers or brushes (there are different sizes or types of brushes and rollers for different paints), amount of paint, number of paint coats, amount of primer, types of primers and paints, certain grits and cuts of sandpaper, trim cutting (the act of painting with a brush on the outline of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseboard" title="Baseboard">baseboard</a>, mouldings and other trim work), wallpaper removal, and nail-hole filling techniques. Today many painters are attempting to break into the field of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faux_painting" title="Faux painting">faux painting</a>, allowing them more creativity and access to a higher end customer base.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_painter_and_decorator&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesion_testing" title="Adhesion testing">Adhesion testing</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_painter_and_decorator&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a class="external text" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Painters_%28trade%29">Painters (trade)</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Alf Fulcher (2005). <i>Painting and Decorating</i>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405112549" title="Special:BookSources/1405112549">1405112549</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-TMD-1">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-TMD_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-TMD_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-TMD_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-TMD_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-TMD_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-TMD_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-TMD_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-TMD_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-TMD_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-TMD_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-TMD_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-TMD_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-TMD_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <i>The Modern Painter and Decorator</i> volume 1 1921 Caxton</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.floodco.com/paint-additive-solutions/index.jsp" rel="nofollow">http://www.floodco.com/paint-additive-solutions/index.jsp</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://news.thomasnet.com/fullstory/486648" rel="nofollow">http://news.thomasnet.com/fullstory/486648</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.woosterbrush.com/Catalog/RollerCovers/Minirollers" rel="nofollow">http://www.woosterbrush.com/Catalog/RollerCovers/Minirollers</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.maxitape.com/tape/products/tapes/industry/industrial-masking-and-packaging/pt-14-blue-painter-s-tape.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.maxitape.com/tape/products/tapes/industry/industrial-masking-and-packaging/pt-14-blue-painter-s-tape.html</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.findtape.com/shop/product.aspx?id=276&setscreen=1&width=1024&height=610" rel="nofollow">http://www.findtape.com/shop/product.aspx?id=276&setscreen=1&width=1024&height=610</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">
Industrial painting</h1>
<div id="siteSub">
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
<div id="jump-to-nav">
Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_painting#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_painting#p-search">search</a> </div>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;">
<img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" width="40" /></div>
</td> <td class="mbox-text">The introduction to this article <b>provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject</b>. Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_painting&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve the article</a> with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">good introductory style</a>. <small><i>(April 2010)</i></small></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Industrial Painting</b> is defined by the "Manifesto of Industrial Painting: For a unitary applied art"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_painting#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup>, a text by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiseppe_Pinot-Gallizio" title="Guiseppe Pinot-Gallizio">Giuseppe Pinot-Gallizio</a> which was originally published in <i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notizie_Arti_Figurative&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Notizie Arti Figurative (page does not exist)">Notizie Arti Figurative</a></i> No. 9 (1959). A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> translation was soon published in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Internationale Situationniste</a></i> no.3 (1959). In May 1997, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molly_Klein&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Molly Klein (page does not exist)">Molly Klein</a> translated the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original" title="Original">original</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> version into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<br />
<dl><dd><i>"The machine may very well be the appropriate instrument for the creation of an industrial-inflationist art, based on the Anti-Patent; the new industrial culture will be strictly "Made Amongst People" or not at all! The time of the Scribes is over."</i></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><i>"When thousands of painters who today labor at the non-sense of detail will have the possibilities which machines offer, there will be no more giant stamps, called paintings to satisfy the investment of value, but thousands of kilometers of fabric offered in the streets, in markets, for barter, allowing millions of people to enjoy them and exciting the experience of arrangement."</i></dd></dl>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_painting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_painting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist">
<div class="references">
<ol>
<li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_painting#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.notbored.org/gallizio.html" rel="nofollow">Manifesto of Industrial Painting: For a unitary applied art</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_painting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/inpraise.html" rel="nofollow">In Praise of Pinot Gallizio</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel" title="Michel">Michèle Bernstein</a></li>
</ul>
<br />
<table class="metadata plainlinks stub"><tbody>
<tr> <td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mona_Lisa.jpg"><img alt="Stub icon" height="38" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mona_Lisa.jpg/25px-Mona_Lisa.jpg" width="25" /></a></td> <td><i>This painting-related article is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. You can help Wikipedia by <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_painting&action=edit" rel="nofollow">expanding it</a>.</i><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="display: none; font-size: smaller; position: absolute; right: 15px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: -0.12em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Painting-stub" title="Template:Painting-stub"><span title="View this template">v</span></a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Painting-stub" title="Template talk:Painting-stub"><span title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <b>·</b> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Painting-stub&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="printfooter">
Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_painting">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_painting</a>"</div>
<div id="mw-normal-catlinks">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Painting_techniques" title="Category:Painting techniques">Painting techniques</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Painting_stubs" title="Category:Painting stubs">Painting stubs</a></span></div>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">
Epoxy</h1>
<div id="siteSub">
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
<div id="jump-to-nav">
Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#p-search">search</a> </div>
<b>Epoxy</b> or <b>polyepoxide</b> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">thermosetting</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> formed from reaction of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxide" title="Epoxide">epoxide</a> "resin" with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamine" title="Polyamine">polyamine</a> "hardener". Epoxy has a wide range of applications, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre-reinforced_plastic" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">fiber-reinforced plastic</a> materials and general purpose adhesives.<br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div id="toctitle">
<h2>
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#Chemistry"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Chemistry</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#Applications"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Applications</span></a> <ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#Paints_and_coatings"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Paints and coatings</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#Adhesives"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Adhesives</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#Industrial_tooling_and_composites"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Industrial tooling and composites</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#Electrical_systems_and_electronics"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Electrical systems and electronics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#Consumer_and_marine_applications"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Consumer and marine applications</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#Aerospace_applications"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Aerospace applications</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#Art"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Art</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#Wind_Energy_applications"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Wind Energy applications</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#Industry"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Industry</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#Health_risks"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Health risks</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epoxy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Chemistry">Chemistry</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epoxy_prepolymer_chemical_structure.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="72" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Epoxy_prepolymer_chemical_structure.png/300px-Epoxy_prepolymer_chemical_structure.png" width="300" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epoxy_prepolymer_chemical_structure.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Structure of unmodified epoxy prepolymer resin. <i>n</i> denotes the number of polymerized subunits and is in the range from 0 to about 25</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triethylene_tetramine.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="34" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Triethylene_tetramine.png/150px-Triethylene_tetramine.png" width="150" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triethylene_tetramine.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Structure of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triethylenetetramine" title="Triethylenetetramine">TETA</a>, a typical hardener. The amine (NH) groups react with the epoxide groups of the resin during polymerization.</div>
</div>
</div>
Epoxy is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copolymer" title="Copolymer">copolymer</a>; that is, it is formed from two different chemicals. These are referred to as the "resin" and the "hardener". The resin consists of monomers or short chain polymers with an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxide" title="Epoxide">epoxide group</a> at either end. Most common epoxy resins are produced from a reaction between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epichlorohydrin" title="Epichlorohydrin">epichlorohydrin</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol-A</a>, though the latter may be replaced by similar chemicals. The hardener consists of polyamine monomers, for example <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triethylenetetramine" title="Triethylenetetramine">Triethylenetetramine</a> (TETA). When these compounds are mixed together, the amine groups react with the epoxide groups to form a covalent bond. Each NH group can react with an epoxide group, so that the resulting polymer is heavily crosslinked, and is thus rigid and strong.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
The process of polymerization is called "curing", and can be controlled through temperature, choice of resin and hardener compounds, and the ratio of said compounds; the process can take minutes to hours. Some formulations benefit from heating during the cure period, whereas others simply require time, and ambient temperatures.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epoxy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
The first commercial attempts to prepare <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a> from epichlorohydrin were made in 1927 in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Credit for the first synthesis of bisphenol-A-based epoxy resins is shared by Dr. <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Castan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pierre Castan (page does not exist)">Pierre Castan</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and Dr. <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S.O._Greenlee&action=edit&redlink=1" title="S.O. Greenlee (page does not exist)">S.O. Greenlee</a> of the United States in 1936. Dr. Castan's work was licensed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciba_Specialty_Chemicals" title="Ciba Specialty Chemicals">Ciba</a>, Ltd. of Switzerland, which went on to become one of the three major epoxy resin producers worldwide. Ciba's epoxy business was spun off and later sold in the late 1990s and is now the advanced materials <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_business_unit" title="Strategic business unit">business unit</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsman_Corporation" title="Huntsman Corporation">Huntsman Corporation</a> of the United States. Dr. Greenlee's work was for the firm of Devoe-Reynolds of the United States. Devoe-Reynolds, which was active in the early days of the epoxy resin industry, was sold to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell Chemical</a> (now Hexion, formerly Resolution Polymers and others).<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epoxy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Applications">Applications</span></h2>
The applications for epoxy-based materials are extensive and include coatings, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite materials</a> such as those using <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiber" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a> reinforcements (although <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>, vinyl ester, and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">thermosetting</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a> are also used for glass-reinforced plastic). The chemistry of epoxies and the range of commercially available variations allows cure polymers to be produced with a very broad range of properties. In general, epoxies are known for their excellent adhesion, chemical and heat resistance, good-to-excellent mechanical properties and very good <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulator_%28electrical%29" title="Insulator (electrical)">electrical insulating</a> properties. Many properties of epoxies can be modified (for example <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>-filled epoxies with good <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a> are available, although epoxies are typically electrically insulating). Variations offering high thermal insulation, or thermal conductivity combined with high electrical resistance for electronics applications, are available.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epoxy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Paints and coatings">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Paints_and_coatings">Paints and coatings</span></h3>
Two part epoxy coatings were developed for heavy duty service on metal substrates and use less energy than heat-cured <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_coating" title="Powder coating">powder coatings</a>. These systems use a 4:1 by volume mixing ratio, and dry quickly providing a tough, protective coating with excellent hardness. Their low volatility and water clean up makes them useful for factory cast iron, cast steel, cast aluminum applications and reduces exposure and flammability issues associated with solvent-borne coatings. They are usually used in industrial and automotive applications since they are more heat resistant than latex-based and alkyd-based paints. Epoxy paints tend to deteriorate, known as chalk out, due to UV exposure.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a> epoxies are used as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_coating" title="Powder coating">powder coatings</a> for washers, driers and other "white goods". <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_bonded_epoxy_coating" title="Fusion bonded epoxy coating">Fusion Bonded Epoxy Powder Coatings</a> (FBE) are extensively used for corrosion protection of steel pipes and fittings used in the oil and gas industry, potable water transmission pipelines (steel), concrete reinforcing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebar" title="Rebar">rebar</a>, <i>et cetera</i>. Epoxy coatings are also widely used as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_%28paint%29" title="Primer (paint)">primers</a> to improve the adhesion of automotive and marine paints especially on metal surfaces where <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> (rusting) resistance is important. Metal cans and containers are often coated with epoxy to prevent rusting, especially for foods like tomatoes that are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a>. Epoxy resins are also used for high performance and decorative flooring applications especially <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrazzo" title="Terrazzo">terrazzo</a> flooring, chip flooring<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup> and colored aggregate flooring.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epoxy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Adhesives">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Adhesives">Adhesives</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titan_epoxy.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="113" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Titan_epoxy.jpg/220px-Titan_epoxy.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titan_epoxy.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Special epoxy is strong enough to withstand the forces between a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfboard" title="Surfboard">surfboard</a> fin and the fin mount. This epoxy is waterproof and capable of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curing_%28chemistry%29" title="Curing (chemistry)">curing</a> underwater. The blue-coloured epoxy on the left is still undergoing curing.</div>
</div>
</div>
Epoxy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a> are a major part of the class of adhesives called "structural adhesives" or "engineering adhesives" (that includes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acryloyl_group" title="Acryloyl group">acrylic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanoacrylate" title="Cyanoacrylate">cyanoacrylate</a>, and other chemistries.) These high-performance adhesives are used in the construction of aircraft, automobiles, bicycles, boats, golf clubs, skis, snowboards, and other applications where high strength bonds are required. Epoxy adhesives can be developed to suit almost any application. They can be used as adhesives for wood, metal, glass, stone, and some plastics. They can be made flexible or rigid, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_%28optics%29" title="Transparency (optics)">transparent</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opacity_%28optics%29" title="Opacity (optics)">opaque</a>/colored, fast setting or slow setting. Epoxy adhesives are better in heat and chemical resistance than other common adhesives. In general, epoxy adhesives cured with heat will be more heat- and chemical-resistant than those cured at room temperature. The strength of epoxy adhesives is degraded at temperatures above 350 °F (177 °C).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jjmorena_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_note-jjmorena-5">[6]</a></sup><br />
Some epoxies are cured by exposure to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet light</a>. Such epoxies are commonly used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fiber optics</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">optoelectronics</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epoxy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Industrial tooling and composites">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Industrial_tooling_and_composites">Industrial tooling and composites</span></h3>
Epoxy systems are used in industrial tooling applications to produce <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding_%28process%29" title="Molding (process)">molds</a>, master models, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminate" title="Laminate">laminates</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">castings</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixture_%28tool%29" title="Fixture (tool)">fixtures</a>, and other industrial production aids. This "plastic tooling" replaces metal, wood and other traditional materials, and generally improves the efficiency and either lowers the overall cost or shortens the lead-time for many industrial processes. Epoxies are also used in producing fiber-reinforced or composite parts. They are more expensive than polyester resins and vinyl ester resins, but usually produce stronger and more temperature-resistant composite parts.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epoxy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electrical systems and electronics">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Electrical_systems_and_electronics">Electrical systems and electronics</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hybridcircuit.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hybridcircuit.jpg/220px-Hybridcircuit.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hybridcircuit.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
An epoxy encapsulated <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_circuit" title="Hybrid circuit">hybrid circuit</a> on a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
Epoxy resin formulations are important in the electronics industry, and are employed in motors, generators, transformers, switchgear, bushings, and insulators. Epoxy resins are excellent electrical insulators and protect electrical components from short circuiting, dust and moisture. In the electronics industry epoxy resins are the primary resin used in overmolding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_circuit" title="Hybrid circuit">hybrid circuits</a>, and making <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boards" title="Printed circuit boards">printed circuit boards</a>. The largest volume type of circuit board—an "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR-4" title="FR-4">FR-4</a> board"—is a sandwich of layers of glass cloth bonded into a composite by an epoxy resin. Epoxy resins are used to bond copper foil to circuit board substrates, and are a component of the solder mask on many circuit boards.<br />
Flexible epoxy resins are used for potting transformers and inductors. By using vacuum impregnation on uncured epoxy, winding-to-winding, winding-to-core, and winding-to-insulator air voids are eliminated. The cured epoxy is an electrical insulator and a much better conductor of heat than air. Transformer and inductor hot spots are greatly reduced, giving the component a stable and longer life than unpotted product.<br />
Epoxy resins are applied using the technology of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin_dispensing" title="Resin dispensing">resin dispensing</a>.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epoxy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consumer and marine applications">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Consumer_and_marine_applications">Consumer and marine applications</span></h3>
Epoxies are sold in hardware stores, typically as a pack containing separate resin and hardener, which must be mixed immediately before use. They are also sold in boat shops as repair resins for marine applications. Epoxies typically are not used in the outer layer of a boat because they deteriorate by exposure to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV" title="UV">UV</a> light. They are often used during boat repair and assembly, and then over-coated with conventional or two-part polyurethane paint or marine-varnishes that provide UV protection.<br />
There are two main areas of marine use. Because of the better mechanical properties relative to the more common <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester_resins" title="Polyester resins">polyester resins</a>, epoxies are used for commercial manufacture of components where a high strength/weight ratio is required. The second area is that their strength, gap filling properties and excellent adhesion to many materials including timber have created a boom in amateur building projects including aircraft and boats.<br />
Normal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelcoat" title="Gelcoat">gelcoat</a> formulated for use with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> resins and vinylester resins does not adhere to epoxy surfaces, though epoxy adheres very well if applied to polyester resin surfaces. "Flocoat" that is normally used to coat the interior of polyester fibreglass yachts is also compatible with epoxies.<br />
Epoxy materials tend to harden somewhat more gradually, while polyester materials tend to harden quickly, particularly if a lot of catalyst is used. The chemical reactions in both cases are exothermic. Large quantities of mix will generate their own heat and greatly speed the reaction, so it is usual to mix small amounts which can be used quickly.<br />
While it is common to associate polyester resins and epoxy resins, their properties are sufficiently different that they are properly treated as distinct materials. Polyester resins are typically low strength unless used with a reinforcing material like glass fibre, are relatively brittle unless reinforced, and have low adhesion. Epoxies, by contrast, are inherently strong, somewhat flexible and have excellent adhesion. However, polyester resins are much cheaper.<br />
Epoxy resins typically require a precise mix of two components which form a third chemical. Depending on the properties required, the ratio may be anything from 1:1 or over 10:1, but in every case they must be mixed exactly. The final product is then a precise thermo-setting plastic. Until they are mixed the two elements are relatively inert, although the 'hardeners' tend to be more chemically active and should be protected from the atmosphere and moisture. The rate of the reaction can be changed by using different hardeners, which may change the nature of the final product, or by controlling the temperature.<br />
By contrast, polyester resins are usually made available in a 'promoted' form, such that the progress of previously-mixed resins from liquid to solid is already underway, albeit very slowly. The only variable available to the user is to change the rate of this process using a catalyst, often Methyl-Ethyl-Ketone-Peroxide (MEKP), which is very toxic. The presence of the catalyst in the final product actually detracts from the desirable properties, so that small amounts of catalyst are preferable, so long as the hardening proceeds at an acceptable pace. The rate of cure of polyesters can therefore be controlled both by the amount of catalyst and by the temperature.<br />
As adhesives, epoxies bond in three ways: a) Mechanically, because the bonding surfaces are roughened; b) By proximity, because the cured resins are physically so close to the bonding surfaces that they are hard to separate; c) Ionically, because the epoxy resins form ionic bonds at an atomic level with the bonding surfaces. This last is substantially the strongest of the three. By contrast, polyester resins can only bond using the first two of these, which greatly reduces their utility as adhesives and in marine repair.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epoxy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aerospace applications">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Aerospace_applications">Aerospace applications</span></h3>
In the aerospace industry, epoxy is used as a structural matrix material which is then reinforced by fiber. Typical fiber reinforcements include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>. Epoxies are also used as a structural <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glue" title="Glue">glue</a>. Materials like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, and others that are 'low-tech' are glued with epoxy resin.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epoxy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Art">Art</span></h3>
Epoxy resin, mixed with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a>, is used as a painting <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_%28arts%29#Painting" title="Media (arts)">medium</a>, by pouring layers on top of each other to form a complete picture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epoxy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wind Energy applications">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Wind_Energy_applications">Wind Energy applications</span></h3>
Epoxy resin is used in manufacturing the rotor blades of wind turbines. The resin is infused in the core materials, such as balsa wood or foam, and the reinforcing media, such as fabric, glass fibre or carbon fibre. The process is called VARTM, i.e. Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding. Due to excellent properties and good finish, epoxy is the most favoured resin for composites.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epoxy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Industry">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Industry">Industry</span></h2>
As of 2006, the epoxy industry amounts to more than <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>5 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000000000_%28number%29" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> in North America and about US$15 billion worldwide. The Chinese market has been growing rapidly, and accounts for more than 30% of the total worldwide market. It is made up of approximately 50–100 manufacturers of basic or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> epoxy resins and hardeners of which the three largest are Hexion (formerly Resolution Performance Products, formerly Shell Development Company; whose epoxy tradename is "Epon"), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Chemical_Company" title="Dow Chemical Company">Dow Chemical Company</a> (tradename "D.E.R."), and Huntsman Corporation's Advanced Materials business unit (formerly Vantico, formerly Ciba Specialty Chemical; tradename "Araldite"). In 2007 Huntsman Corporation agreed to merge with Hexion (owned by the Apollo Group).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup> KUKDO Chemical is one of the largest epoxy manufacturers in Asia, and recently their capacity has been increased up to 210,000 MT/Y (Korea 150,000 MT/Y, China 60,000 MT/Y and will be increased totally 300,000 MT/Y by 2009). Nanya Plastic also has the capacity of over 250,000 MT/Y (Taiwan and China), which is mostly for captive use. There are over 50 smaller epoxy manufacturers primarily producing epoxies only regionally, epoxy hardeners only, specialty epoxies, or epoxy modifiers.<br />
These commodity epoxy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturers</a> mentioned above typically do not sell epoxy resins in a form usable to smaller end users, so there is another group of companies that purchase epoxy raw materials from the major producers and then compounds (blends, modifies, or otherwise customizes) epoxy systems from these <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a>. These companies are known as "formulators". The majority of the epoxy systems sold are produced by these formulators and they comprise over 60% of the dollar value of the epoxy market. There are hundreds of ways that these formulators can modify epoxies—by adding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> fillers (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica" title="Silica">silica</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumina" title="Alumina">alumina</a>, etc.), by adding flexibilizers, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> reducers, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorant" title="Colorant">colorants</a>, thickeners, accelerators, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">adhesion</a> promoters, etc.. These modifications are made to reduce costs, to improve performance, and to improve processing convenience. As a result a typical formulator sells dozens or even thousands of formulations—each tailored to the requirements of a particular application or market.<br />
Impacted by the global economic slump, the epoxy market size declined to $15.8 billion in 2009, almost to the level of 2005. In some regional markets it even decreased nearly 20%. The current epoxy market is experiencing positive growth as the global economy revives. With an annual growth rate of 3.5 - 4% the epoxy market is expected to reach $17.7 billion by 2012 and $21.35 by 2015. Higher growth rate is foreseen thereafter due to stronger demands from epoxy composite market and epoxy adhesive market.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_note-9">[10]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epoxy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Health risks">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Health_risks">Health risks</span></h2>
The primary risk associated with epoxy use is sensitization to the hardener, which, over time, can induce an allergic reaction. It is a main source of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_asthma" title="Occupational asthma">occupational asthma</a> among users of plastics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a>, which is used in epoxy resin, is a known <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">endocrine disruptor</a>.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epoxy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">Thermosetting polymer</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastic</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epoxy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist">
<div class="references">
<ol>
<li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.csuchico.edu/~jpgreene/m247/m247_ch02/sld023.htm" rel="nofollow">"Epoxy Chemistry"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.csuchico.edu/~jpgreene/m247/m247_ch02/sld023.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.csuchico.edu/~jpgreene/m247/m247_ch02/sld023.htm</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Epoxy+Chemistry&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csuchico.edu%2F%7Ejpgreene%2Fm247%2Fm247_ch02%2Fsld023.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epoxy"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://chem.chem.rochester.edu/~chem424/epoxy.htm" rel="nofollow">"Epoxy Polymers"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://chem.chem.rochester.edu/~chem424/epoxy.htm" rel="nofollow">http://chem.chem.rochester.edu/~chem424/epoxy.htm</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Epoxy+Polymers&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchem.chem.rochester.edu%2F%7Echem424%2Fepoxy.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epoxy"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">May, Clayton A. (1987-12-23). <i>Epoxy Resins: Chemistry and Technology</i> (Second ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. p. 794. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824776909" title="Special:BookSources/0824776909">0824776909</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epoxy+Resins%3A+Chemistry+and+Technology&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Clayton+A.&rft.au=May%2C%26%2332%3BClayton+A.&rft.date=1987-12-23&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B794&rft.edition=Second&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker+Inc&rft.isbn=0824776909&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epoxy"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Norm Lambert. <a class="external text" href="http://www.epoxy.com/chip.htm" rel="nofollow">"Chips Flooring"</a>. Epoxy.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.epoxy.com/chip.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.epoxy.com/chip.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chips+Flooring&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Norm+Lambert&rft.au=Norm+Lambert&rft.pub=Epoxy.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epoxy.com%2Fchip.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epoxy"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Norman L. Lambert. <a class="external text" href="http://www.epoxy.com/15.htm" rel="nofollow">"Quartz Flooring"</a>. Epoxy.com<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.epoxy.com/15.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.epoxy.com/15.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Quartz+Flooring&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Norman+L.+Lambert&rft.au=Norman+L.+Lambert&rft.pub=Epoxy.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epoxy.com%2F15.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epoxy"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-jjmorena-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_ref-jjmorena_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Morena, John J (1988). <i>Advanced Composite Mold Making</i>. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Inc. pp. 124–125. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780442264147" title="Special:BookSources/9780442264147">9780442264147</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Composite+Mold+Making&rft.aulast=Morena&rft.aufirst=John+J&rft.au=Morena%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+J&rft.date=1988&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B124%E2%80%93125&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold+Co.+Inc&rft.isbn=9780442264147&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epoxy"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">McCreight, Tim; Bsullak, Nicole. <i>Color on Metal: 50 Artists Share Insights and Techniques</i>. Madison, WI: Guild. p. 74. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1893164063" title="Special:BookSources/1893164063">1893164063</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+on+Metal%3A+50+Artists+Share+Insights+and+Techniques&rft.aulast=McCreight&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=McCreight%2C%26%2332%3BTim&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B74&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pub=Guild&rft.isbn=1893164063&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epoxy"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> Steve Gelsi, <a class="external text" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/huntsman-oks-106-bln-takeover/story.aspx?guid=%7B301E4032-F6E5-4137-9AB9-30F7AB65B442%7D" rel="nofollow">"Huntsman OK's $10.6 bln takeover offer from Apollo's Hexion"</a>, Market Watch, July 12, 2007.</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> Market Participant, <a class="external text" href="http://www.seekingalpha.com/article/12385-hexion-ipo-creates-way-too-much-debt" rel="nofollow">"Hexion IPO Creates Way Too Much Debt"</a>, June 22, 2006.</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.acmite.com/market-reports/chemicals/world-epoxy-resin-market.html" rel="nofollow">"Market Report: World Epoxy Resin Market"</a>. <a class="external text" href="http://www.acmite.com/" rel="nofollow">Acmite Market Intelligence</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.acmite.com/market-reports/chemicals/world-epoxy-resin-market.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.acmite.com/market-reports/chemicals/world-epoxy-resin-market.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Market+Report%3A+World+Epoxy+Resin+Market&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.acmite.com+Acmite+Market+Intelligence%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acmite.com%2Fmarket-reports%2Fchemicals%2Fworld-epoxy-resin-market.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Epoxy"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/occupational-asthma/DS00591/DSECTION=risk-factors" rel="nofollow">MayoClinic --> Occupational asthma</a> May 23, 2009</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epoxy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ohb/HESIS/epoxy.htm" rel="nofollow">Epoxy Resin health hazards</a> (California Department of Health Services)</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://pslc.ws/macrog/epoxy.htm" rel="nofollow">The chemistry of epoxide</a>, simple to understand</li>
</ul>
<div class="printfooter">
Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy</a>"</div>
<div id="mw-normal-catlinks">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organic_polymers" title="Category:Organic polymers">Organic polymers</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Adhesives" title="Category:Adhesives">Adhesives</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Synthetic_resins" title="Category:Synthetic resins">Synthetic resins</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thermosetting_plastics" title="Category:Thermosetting plastics">Thermosetting plastics</a></span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">
Drywall</h1>
<div id="siteSub">
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
<div id="jump-to-nav">
Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#p-search">search</a> </div>
<div class="dablink">
For the musical group, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall_%28musical_project%29" title="Drywall (musical project)">Drywall (musical project)</a>.</div>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg"><img alt="Question book-new.svg" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" /></a></div>
</td> <td class="mbox-text">This article <b>needs additional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>.</b><br />
<small>Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> by adding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">reliable references</a>. Unsourced material may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">challenged</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <i>(July 2009)</i></small></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drywall.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="181" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Drywall.jpg/220px-Drywall.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drywall.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Example of drywall with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_compound" title="Joint compound">joint compound</a>, the common interior building material. (This photo shows drywall hung vertically.)</div>
</div>
</div>
<b>Drywall</b>, also known as <b>plasterboard</b> or <b>gypsum board</b>, is a panel made of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum_plaster" title="Gypsum plaster">gypsum plaster</a> pressed between two thick sheets of paper. It is used to make interior walls and ceilings.<br />
Plasterboard panels are also known as <b>wallboard</b> (USA, UK, Ireland),<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> <b>Gibraltar board</b> or <b>GIB</b> <b>wall and ceiling linings</b> (in New Zealand, trademark of Winstone Wallboards<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup>), <b>rock lath</b>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-oldhouseweb.com_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-oldhouseweb.com-1">[2]</a></sup> <b>Sheetrock</b> (a trademark of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USG_Corporation" title="USG Corporation">USG Corporation</a>), <b>Gyproc</b> (in Australia, a trademark of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_de_Saint-Gobain" title="Compagnie de Saint-Gobain">Compagnie de Saint-Gobain</a>).<br />
The sheets of the drywall can be made from fiberglass instead of paper to prevent mold growth. Mold growth is common when using paper-based plasterboard that has been exposed to water due to plumbing leaks or floods.<br />
Drywall construction became prevalent as a speedier alternative to using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>-based interior finish techniques, which involved forcefully spreading a substrate of coarse plaster, known as the base (made up of the <i>scratch</i> coat and (optional) <i>brown</i> coat), onto the wall's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lath" title="Lath">lath-work</a> before finally applying the smoother <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finish" title="Finish">finish</a> coat, each layer added in succession and all by hand (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lath_and_plaster" title="Lath and plaster">lath and plaster</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-National_Park_Service:_Preservation_Brief_21:_Repairing_Historic_Flat_Plaster--Walls_and_Ceilings_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-National_Park_Service:_Preservation_Brief_21:_Repairing_Historic_Flat_Plaster--Walls_and_Ceilings-2">[3]</a></sup> Drywall, by contrast to plaster, requires hand finishing only at the fasteners and joints. The drywall process requires less labor and drying time, lending its name to the panels used in the assembly.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div id="toctitle">
<h2>
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#Manufacture"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Manufacture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#Specifications"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Specifications</span></a> <ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#USA_and_Canada"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">USA and Canada</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#Europe"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Europe</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#Construction_techniques"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Construction techniques</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#Water_damage_and_mold"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Water damage and mold</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#Fire_resistance"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Fire resistance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#North_American_market"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">North American market</span></a> <ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#Waste"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Waste</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#Types_available_in_the_USA_and_Canada"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Types available in the USA and Canada</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#Common_drywall_tools"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Common drywall tools</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#Levels_of_finish"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Levels of finish</span></a> <ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#Level_0"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Level 0</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#Level_1"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Level 1</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#Level_2"><span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span class="toctext">Level 2</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#Level_3"><span class="tocnumber">10.4</span> <span class="toctext">Level 3</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#Level_4"><span class="tocnumber">10.5</span> <span class="toctext">Level 4</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#Level_5"><span class="tocnumber">10.6</span> <span class="toctext">Level 5</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#Defective_Chinese_imports"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Defective Chinese imports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
"<b>Sackett Board</b>" was invented in 1894 by Augustine Sackett. It was made by layering plaster within four plies of wool felt paper. Sheets were 36" x 36" x 1/4" thick with open (untaped) edges."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gypsum.org_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-gypsum.org-3">[4]</a></sup><br />
"<b>Gypsum Board</b>" evolved between 1910 and 1930 beginning with wrapped board edges, and elimination of the two inner layers of felt paper in favor of paper-based facings. Providing efficiency of installation, it was developed additionally as a measure of fire resistance. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup> Later <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_entrainment" title="Air entrainment">air entrainment</a> technology made boards lighter and less brittle, then joint treatment materials and systems also evolved. "<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gypsum.org_3-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-gypsum.org-3">[4]</a></sup><br />
"<b>Rock Lath</b>" was an early substrate for plaster. An alternative to traditional wood or metal lath, it was a panel made up of compressed gypsum plaster board that was sometimes grooved or punched with holes to allow wet plaster to key into its surface. As it evolved, it was faced with paper impregnated with gypsum crystals that bonded with the applied facing layer of plaster.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-oldhouseweb.com_1-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-oldhouseweb.com-1">[2]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manufacture">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Manufacture">Manufacture</span></h2>
A wallboard panel is made of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> liner wrapped around an inner core made primarily from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum_plaster" title="Gypsum plaster">gypsum plaster</a>. The raw <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, CaSO<sub>4</sub>·2 H<sub>2</sub>O, (mined or obtained from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas_desulfurization" title="Flue gas desulfurization">flue gas desulfurization</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGD" title="FGD">FGD</a>)) must be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcination" title="Calcination">calcined</a> before use to produce the hemihydrate of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">calcium sulfate</a> (CaSO<sub>4</sub>·½ H<sub>2</sub>O). This is done in kettle or flash calciners, typically using natural gas today. The plaster is mixed with fiber (typically paper and/or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_%28fiber%29" title="Glass (fiber)">fiberglass</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foaming_agent" title="Foaming agent">foaming agent</a>, finely ground gypsum crystal as an accelerator, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDTA" title="EDTA">EDTA</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> or other <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelate" title="Chelate">chelate</a> as a retarder, various additives that may increase <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildew" title="Mildew">mildew</a> and/or fire resistance (fiberglass or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite">vermiculite</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> emulsion or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silanes" title="Silanes">silanes</a> for lower water absorption and water. This is then formed by sandwiching a core of wet gypsum between two sheets of heavy paper or fiberglass mats. When the core sets and is dried in a large drying chamber, the sandwich becomes rigid and strong enough for use as a building material.<br />
Drying chambers typically use natural gas today. To dry 1 MSF (1,000 square feet) of wallboard, between 1.75 and 2.49 million <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTU" title="BTU">BTU</a> is required. Organic <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersants" title="Dispersants">dispersants</a>/<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticiser" title="Plasticiser">plasticisers</a> are used mainly to reduce the amount of water, hence reduce the eventual drying time, needed to produce gypsum slurry flow during wallboard manufacture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Specifications">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Specifications">Specifications</span></h2>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: USA and Canada">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="USA_and_Canada">USA and Canada</span></h3>
Drywall panels are manufactured in 48 inches (120 cm) wide panels in varying lengths to suit the application. Common panel thicknesses are 1/2" (13 mm) and 5/8" (16 mm), with panels also available in 1/4" (6 mm) and 3/8" (10 mm). Both 1/2" (13 mm) and 5/8" (16 mm) panels of TYPE 'X' (a gypsum board with special core additives to increase the natural fire resistance of regular gypsum board<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup>) are used where a fire-resistance rating is desired. Regular 5/8" (16 mm) panels are used (with or without light gauge resilient metal channels) where additional mass is needed for the reduction of sound transmission.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
Drywall provides a thermal resistance <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-value_%28insulation%29" title="R-value (insulation)">R-value</a> (in US units) of 0.32 for 3/8" board, 0.45 for 1/2", 0.56 for 5/8", and 0.83 for 1" board. In addition to increased R-value, thicker drywall has a higher <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_transmission_class" title="Sound transmission class">sound transmission class</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Europe">Europe</span></h3>
In the UK and Europe, plasterboard is manufactured in metric sizes, with the common sizes being corollaries of old imperial sizes.<br />
Most plasterboard is made in 120 cm wide sheets, though 90 cm and 60 cm wide sheets are also made. 120 cm wide plasterboard is most commonly made in 240 cm lengths, though 270 cm and 300 cm length sheets are also commonly available.<br />
Commonly used thicknesses of plasterboard available are 12.5 mm (modern equivalent of half an inch), typically used for walls, and 9.5 mm (modern equivalent of three-eights of an inch), typically used for ceilings. 15 mm thick board is commonly available, and other thicknesses are also produced.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
Plasterboard is commonly made with one of two different edge treatments—tapered edge, where the long edges of the board are tapered with a wide bevel at the front to allow for jointing materials to be finished flush with the main board face, and plain edge, used where the whole surface will receive a thin coating (skim coat) of finishing plaster.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Construction techniques">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Construction_techniques">Construction techniques</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drywall_material_handler.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="163" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Drywall_material_handler.jpg/220px-Drywall_material_handler.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drywall_material_handler.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Drywall is delivered to a building site on a flatbed truck and unloaded with a forked material handler crane. The bulk drywall sheets are unloaded directly to upper floors via a window or exterior doorway.</div>
</div>
</div>
As opposed to a week-long plaster application, an entire house can be drywalled in one or two days by two experienced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall_mechanic" title="Drywall mechanic">drywallers</a>, and drywall is easy enough to use that it can be installed by many amateur home carpenters. In large-scale commercial construction, the work of installing and finishing drywall is often split between the drywall mechanics, or <i>hangers</i>, who install the wallboard, and the <i>tapers</i> and <i>mudmen</i>, or <i>float crew</i>, who finish the joints and cover the nailheads with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall_compound" title="Drywall compound">drywall compound</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup><br />
Drywall is cut to size, using a large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-square" title="T-square">T-square</a>, by scoring the paper on the front side (usually white) with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_knife" title="Utility knife">utility knife</a>, breaking the sheet along the cut, scoring the paper backing, and finally breaking the sheet in the opposite direction. Small features such as holes for outlets and light switches are usually cut using a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">keyhole saw</a> or a small high-speed bit in a rotary tool. Drywall is then fixed to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall" title="Wall">wall</a> structure with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_%28engineering%29" title="Nail (engineering)">nails</a>, glue, or more commonly in recent years, the now-ubiquitous <i>drywall <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw" title="Screw">screws</a></i>.<br />
<i>Drywall fasteners</i>, also referred to as <i>drywall clips</i> or <i>stops</i>, are gaining popularity in both residential and commercial construction. Drywall fasteners are used for supporting interior drywall corners and replacing the non-structural wood or metal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking" title="Blocking">blocking</a> that traditionally was used to install drywall. Their function serves to save on material and labour expenses; to minimize call backs due to <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truss_uplift&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Truss uplift (page does not exist)">truss uplift</a>; to increase <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a>; and to make plumbing and electrical installation simpler.<br />
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 206px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drywall-screws-v1_%281%29.png"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="96" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Drywall-screws-v1_%281%29.png/204px-Drywall-screws-v1_%281%29.png" width="204" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drywall-screws-v1_%281%29.png" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Drywall screws are designed to be self-tapping.</div>
</div>
</div>
Drywall screws heads have a curved taper, allowing them to self-pilot and install rapidly without punching through the paper cover. These screws are set slightly into the drywall. When drywall is hung on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_%28construction%29" title="Framing (construction)">wood framing</a>, screws having an acute point and widely spaced threads are used. When drywall is hung on <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light-gauge&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Light-gauge (page does not exist)">light-gauge</a> <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steel_framing&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Steel framing (page does not exist)">steel framing</a>, screws having an acute point and finely spaced threads are used. If the steel framing is heavier than 20-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge" title="Gauge">gauge</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-tapping" title="Self-tapping">self-tapping</a> screws with finely spaced threads must be used. In some applications, the drywall may be attached to the wall with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a>.<br />
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Screwgun.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="177" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Screwgun.jpg/220px-Screwgun.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Screwgun.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Electric screw gun used to drive drywall screws</div>
</div>
</div>
After the sheets are secured to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_Framing_Method" title="Platform Framing Method">wall studs</a> or ceiling <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">joists</a>, the seams between drywall sheets are concealed using <i>joint tape</i> and several layers of <i>joint compound</i> (sometimes called <i>mud</i>). This compound is also applied to any screw holes or defects. The compound is allowed to air dry then typically sanded smooth before painting. Alternatively, for a better finish, the entire wall may be given a <i>skim coat</i>, a thin layer (about 1 mm or 1/16 inch) of finishing compound, to minimize the visual differences between the paper and mudded areas after painting.<br />
Another similar skim coating is always done in a process called veneer plastering, although it is done slightly thicker (about 2 mm or 1/8 inch). Veneering uses a slightly different specialized setting compound ("finish plaster") that contains gypsum and lime <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">putty</a>. This application uses blueboard, which has special treated paper to accelerate the setting of the gypsum plaster component. This setting has far less shrinkage than the air-dry compounds normally used in drywall, so it only requires one coat. Blueboard also has square edges rather than the tapered-edge drywall boards. The tapered drywall boards are used to countersink the tape in taped jointing whereas the tape in veneer plastering is buried beneath a level surface. One coat veneer plaster over dry board is an intermediate style step between full multi-coat "wet" plaster and the limited joint-treatment-only given "dry" wall.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Water damage and mold">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Water_damage_and_mold">Water damage and mold</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drywall_splotch.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="188" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Drywall_splotch.jpg/250px-Drywall_splotch.jpg" width="250" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drywall_splotch.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Drywall water damage in a closet.</div>
</div>
</div>
Drywall is easily damaged by exposure to water. While it can be waterproofed through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterproofing" title="Waterproofing">waterproofing</a>, if waterproofing is absent or if the waterproofing layer is punctured, <a class="external text" href="http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/co/maho/yohoyohe/momo/momo_007.cfm" rel="nofollow">water will cause drywall to swell and eventually disintegrate, requiring replacement</a>. Drywall is a porous, lightweight substance that <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncma.org/resources/Marketing%20Resources/Mold%20Materials/Aug03CMD.pdf" rel="nofollow">supports the growth of mold</a>. It is for this reason that <a class="external text" href="http://homerenovations.about.com/od/wallsandtrim/a/artgreenboard.htm" rel="nofollow">greenboard</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_board" title="Cement board">cement board</a> is used for rooms expected to have high humidity.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fire resistance">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Fire_resistance">Fire resistance</span></h2>
When used as a component in fire barriers, drywall is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protection" title="Passive fire protection">passive fire protection</a> item. In its natural state, gypsum contains the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_of_crystallization" title="Water of crystallization">water of crystallization</a> bound in the form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">hydrates</a>. When exposed to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>, this water is vapourised, retarding heat transfer. Therefore, a fire in one room that is separated from an adjacent room by a fire-resistance rated drywall assembly will not cause this adjacent room to get any warmer than the boiling point (100°C) until the water in the gypsum is gone. This makes <b>drywall</b> an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">ablative</a> material because as the hydrates sublime, a crumbly dust is left behind, which, along with the paper, is sacrificial. Generally, the more layers of Type X drywall one adds, the more one increases the fire-resistance of the assembly, be it horizontal or vertical. Evidence of this can be found both in publicly available design catalogues, including, but not limited to DIN4102 Part 4 and the Canadian Building Code on the topic, as well as common certification listings, including but not limited to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification_listing" title="Certification listing">certification listings</a> provided by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories" title="Underwriters Laboratories">Underwriters Laboratories</a> and Underwriters Laboratories of Canada (ULC). "Type X" drywall is formulated by adding glass fibers to the gypsum, to increase the resistance to fires, especially once the hydrates are spent, which leaves the gypsum in powder form. Type X is typically the material chosen to construct walls and ceilings that are required to have a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-resistance_rating" title="Fire-resistance rating">fire-resistance rating</a>.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="gallery"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;">
<div class="thumb" style="padding: 13px 0pt; width: 150px;">
<div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drywall_firestop_problem1.jpg"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Drywall_firestop_problem1.jpg/81px-Drywall_firestop_problem1.jpg" width="81" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
A typical fire problem—the measures taken by the plumbers and the drywallers are at cross-purposes.</div>
</div>
</td> <td><div class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;">
<div class="thumb" style="padding: 13px 0pt; width: 150px;">
<div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drywall_firestop_problem2.jpg"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Drywall_firestop_problem2.jpg/81px-Drywall_firestop_problem2.jpg" width="81" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
Another example: this <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeve_%28construction%29" title="Sleeve (construction)">sleeve</a>, a penetrant, causes more problems than it solves.</div>
</div>
</td> <td><div class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;">
<div class="thumb" style="padding: 13px 0pt; width: 150px;">
<div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drywall_firestop_problem3.jpg"><img alt="" height="119" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Drywall_firestop_problem3.jpg/79px-Drywall_firestop_problem3.jpg" width="79" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
Penetrants have been punched and burned through drywall, compromising its integrity.</div>
</div>
</td> <td><div class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;">
<div class="thumb" style="padding: 34px 0pt; width: 150px;">
<div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drywall_shaft_damage.jpg"><img alt="" height="78" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Drywall_shaft_damage.jpg/120px-Drywall_shaft_damage.jpg" width="120" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
Mechanical shaft with compromised fire-resistance rating through pipe installation.</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><div class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;">
<div class="thumb" style="padding: 33px 0pt; width: 150px;">
<div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drywall_firestop_problem4.jpg"><img alt="" height="80" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Drywall_firestop_problem4.jpg/120px-Drywall_firestop_problem4.jpg" width="120" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
Finished, painted, fire-resistance rated drywall assembly. A common <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deficiency" title="Deficiency">deficiency</a>: Lift ceiling tiles and find electrical and mechanical service penetrations without a firestop.</div>
</div>
</td> <td><div class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;">
<div class="thumb" style="padding: 13px 0pt; width: 150px;">
<div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drywall_reality.jpg"><img alt="" height="119" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Drywall_reality.jpg/92px-Drywall_reality.jpg" width="92" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
Improper drywall and absent firestops</div>
</div>
</td> <td><div class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;">
<div class="thumb" style="padding: 36px 0pt; width: 150px;">
<div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:How_cambrian_college.jpg"><img alt="" height="74" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/How_cambrian_college.jpg/120px-How_cambrian_college.jpg" width="120" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
Improper firestop and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">fireproofing</a> interface, August 2000</div>
</div>
</td> <td><div class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;">
<div class="thumb" style="padding: 19px 0pt; width: 150px;">
<div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambrian_college_no_firestop_1.jpg"><img alt="" height="108" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cambrian_college_no_firestop_1.jpg/120px-Cambrian_college_no_firestop_1.jpg" width="120" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
Improper breach of fire-resistance rated drywall assembly, August 2000</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><div class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;">
<div class="thumb" style="padding: 21px 0pt; width: 150px;">
<div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nortown_plastic_pipe_drywall.jpg"><img alt="" height="104" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nortown_plastic_pipe_drywall.jpg/120px-Nortown_plastic_pipe_drywall.jpg" width="120" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
The "I-was-there-first" scenario, resulting in improper drywall firestops with plastic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">piping</a>.</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
Fire testing of drywall assemblies for the purpose of expanding national catalogues, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Building_Code_of_Canada" title="National Building Code of Canada">National Building Code of Canada</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>'s Part 4 of DIN4102 and its British cousin BS476, are a matter of routine <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> work in more than one nation and can be sponsored jointly by national authorities and representatives of the drywall industry. For example, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Canada" title="National Research Council of Canada">National Research Council of Canada</a> routinely publishes such findings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup> The results are printed as approved designs in the back of the building code. Generally, exposure of drywall on a panel furnace removes the water and calcines the exposed drywall and also heats the studs and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastener" title="Fastener">fasteners</a> holding the drywall. This typically results in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflection_%28engineering%29" title="Deflection (engineering)">deflection</a> of the assembly towards the fire, as that is the location where the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_%28chemistry%29" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">sublimation</a> occurs, which weakens the assembly, due to the fire influence.<br />
When tests are cosponsored, resulting in code recognized designs with assigned fire-resistance ratings, the resulting designs become part of the code and are not limited to use by any one manufacturer, provided the material used in the field configuration can be demonstrated to meet the minimum requirements of Type X drywall (such as an entry in the appropriate category of the UL Building Materials Directory) and that sufficient layers and thicknesses are used. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_test" title="Fire test">Fire test</a> reports for such unique third party tests are confidential.<br />
Deflection of drywall assemblies is important to consider to maintain the integrity of drywall assemblies in order to preserve their ratings. The deflection of drywall assemblies can vary somewhat from one test to another. Importantly, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetrant" title="Penetrant">penetrants</a> do not follow the deflection movement of the drywall assemblies they penetrate. For example, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_tray" title="Cable tray">cable tray</a> movement in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tray_cross_barrier.jpg" title="File:Tray cross barrier.jpg">German test</a>. It is, therefore, important to test <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">firestops</a> in full scale wall panel tests, so that the deflection of each applicable assembly can be taken into account. The size of the test wall assembly alone is not the only consideration for firestop tests. If the penetrants are mounted to and hung off the drywall assembly itself during the test, this does not constitute a realistic deflection exposure insofar as the firestop is concerned. In reality, on a construction site, penetrants are hung off the ceiling above. Penetrants may increase in length, push and pull as a result of operational temperature changes (<i>e.g.</i>, hot and cold water in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pipe" title="Water pipe">pipe</a>), particularly in a fire, but it is a physical impossibility to have the penetrants follow the movement of drywall assemblies that they penetrate, since they are not mounted to the drywalls in a building. It is, therefore, counterproductive to suspend penetrants from the drywall assembly during a fire test. As downward deflection of the drywall assembly and buckling towards the fire occurs, the top of the firestop is squeezed and the bottom of the firestop is pulled, and this is motion over and above that, which is caused by the expansion of metallic penetrants, due to heat exposure in a fire. Both types of motion occur in reality, because metal first expands in a fire and then softens once the critical temperature has been reached, as is explained under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_steel" title="Structural steel">structural steel</a>. To simulate the drywall deflection effect, one can simply mount the penetrants to the steel frame holding the test assembly. The operational and fire induced motion of the penetrants, which is independent of the assemblies penetrated, can be separately arranged.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: North American market">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="North_American_market">North American market</span></h2>
North America is one of the largest gypsum board users in the world with a total wallboard plant capacity of 42 billion square feet per year (world wide 85 billion square feet per year).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup> Moreover, the home building and remodeling markets in North America have increased demand the last five years. The gypsum board market is one of the biggest beneficiaries of the housing boom as "an average new American home contains more than 7.31 metric tons of gypsum."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-9">[10]</a></sup><br />
The introduction in March 2005 of the Clean Air Interstate Rule by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> requires power plants to "cut sulfur dioxide emissions by 73%" by 2018.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup> The Clean Air Interstate Rule also requested that the power plants install new scrubbers (industrial pollution control devices) to remove sulfur dioxide present in the output waste gas. Scrubbers use the technique of flue gas desulfurization (FGD), which produces synthetic gypsum as a usable by-product. In response to the new supply of this raw material, the gypsum board market was predicted to shift significantly. However, issues such as mercury release during calcining need to be resolved.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Waste">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Waste">Waste</span></h3>
Because up to 17% of drywall is wasted during the manufacturing and installation processes<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2007">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> and the drywall material is frequently not re-used, disposal can become a problem. Some landfill sites have banned the dumping of drywall. Some manufacturers take back waste wallboard from construction sites and recycle it into new wallboard. Recycled paper is typically used during manufacturing. More recently, recycling at the construction site itself is being investigated. There is potential for using crushed drywall to amend certain soils at building sites, such as <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sodic" title="wikt:sodic">sodic</a> clay and silt mixtures (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">bay mud</a>), as well as using it in compost.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-12">[13]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Types available in the USA and Canada">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Types_available_in_the_USA_and_Canada">Types available in the USA and Canada</span></h2>
<ul>
<li>Regular white board, from 1/4" to 3/4" thickness</li>
<li>Fire-resistant ("Type X"), different thickness and multiple layers of wallboard provide increased fire rating based on the time a specific wall assembly can withstand a standardized fire test. Often <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlite" title="Perlite">perlite</a>, vermiculite and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">boric acid</a> are added to improve fire resistance.</li>
<li>Greenboard, the drywall that contains an oil-based additive in the green colored paper covering that provides moisture resistance. It is commonly used in washrooms and other areas expected to experience elevated levels of humidity.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li>
<li>Blueboard, blue face paper forms a strong bond with a skim coat or a built-up plaster finish providing both water and mold resistance.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_board" title="Cement board">Cement board</a>, which is more water-resistant than greenboard, for use in showers or sauna rooms, and as a base for ceramic tile</li>
<li>Soundboard is made from wood fibers to increase the sound rating (STC)</li>
<li>Soundproof drywall is a laminated drywall made with gypsum, other materials, and damping polymers to significantly increase the STC<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li>
<li>Mold-resistant, paperless drywall<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enviroboard" title="Enviroboard">Enviroboard</a>, a board made from recycled agricultural materials</li>
<li>Lead-lined drywall, a drywall used around radiological equipment<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li>
<li>Foil-backed drywall to control moisture in a building or room<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2009">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></li>
<li>Controlled density (CD), also called ceiling board, which is available only in 1/2" thickness and is significantly stiffer than regular white board.</li>
<li>EcoRock, a drywall which uses a combination of 20 materials including recycled fly ash, slag, kiln dust and fillers and no starch cellulose; it is advertised as being environmentally-friendly due to the use of recycled materials and an energy efficient process.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-13">[14]</a></sup></li>
<li>Gypsum “Firecode C.” This board is similar in composition to Type X,except that it has more glass fibers,and, it has another ingredient in the gypsum core. This ingredient is a shrinkage-compensating additive, a form of vermiculite. When exposed to high heat, the gypsum core shrinks but the shrinkage-compensating element expands at about the same rate as shrinkage occurs in the water-depleted gypsum.</li>
</ul>
The gypsum core then is more stable in a fire and remains in place even after the combined water in the gypsum has been driven off.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Common drywall tools">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Common_drywall_tools">Common drywall tools</span></h2>
<div style="-moz-column-count: 3;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_%28furniture%29" title="Bench (furniture)">Benches</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_line" title="Chalk line">Chalk line</a></li>
<li>Corner <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trowel" title="Trowel">trowel</a></li>
<li>Dimpler</li>
<li>Drywall adhesive glue guns</li>
<li>Drywall cart</li>
<li>Drywall fastener</li>
<li>Drywall (hatchet) hammer</li>
<li>Drywall lifter</li>
<li>Drywall jack</li>
<li>Drywall <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screws" title="Screws">screws</a> and nails</li>
<li>Electric <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwdriver" title="Screwdriver">screwdriver</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole saw</a> or drywall router</li>
<li>Pencil</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_gun" title="Screw gun">Screw gun</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_finder" title="Stud finder">Stud finder</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_measure" title="Tape measure">Tape measure</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taping_knife" title="Taping knife">Taping knife</a></li>
<li>T-square</li>
<li>Utility knife</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Levels of finish">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Levels_of_finish">Levels of finish</span></h2>
"In 1990, four major trade associations, the Association of Wall and Ceiling Industries International (AWCI), the Ceilings and Interior Systems Construction Association (CISCA), the Gypsum Association (GA), and the Painting and Decorating Contractors of America (PDCA), presented the consensus document Levels of <b>Gypsum Board</b> Finish. The document was created to "precisely describe" the desired finish of walls and ceilings prior to final decoration. This precise description enables contractors to better understand the requirements of architects and building owners in order to enhance the satisfaction of the client. Specifications that include the Levels of Gypsum Board Finish also promote competitive bidding that allows the bidder to consider the correct labor and materials to finish the wall suitably for its final decoration." <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-14">[15]</a></sup><br />
The official document (summarized below) is known as <a class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgypsum.com/literature/GA-214-96.pdf" rel="nofollow">GA-214-96 "Recommended Levels of Gypsum Board Finish"</a>.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Level 0">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Level_0">Level 0</span></h3>
No taping, finishing, or accessories required.<br />
<b>Usage</b>: Temporary construction or when final decoration is undetermined.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Level 1">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Level_1">Level 1</span></h3>
All joints and interior angles shall have tape set in joint compound. Surface shall be free of excess joint compound. Tool marks and ridges are acceptable.<br />
<b>Usage</b>: Above false ceilings or other areas that are out of public view where a degree of fire and noise resistance is required.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Level 2">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Level_2">Level 2</span></h3>
All joints and interior angles shall have tape embedded in joint compound and wiped with a joint knife leaving a thin coating of joint compound over all joints and interior angles. Fastener heads and accessories shall be covered with a coat of joint compound. Surface shall be free of excess joint compound. Tool marks and ridges are acceptable. Joint compound applied over the body of the tape at the time of tape embedment shall be considered a separate coat of joint compound and shall satisfy the conditions of this level.<br />
<b>Usage</b>: As a substrate for tile walls and ceilings as well as in garages, warehouses, and other places where appearance is not a primary concern.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Level 3">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Level_3">Level 3</span></h3>
All joints and interior angles shall have tape embedded in joint compound and one additional coat of joint compound applied over all joints and interior angles. Fastener heads and accessories shall be covered with two separate coats of joint compound. All joint compound shall be smooth and free of tool marks and ridges. It is recommended that the prepared surface be coated with a drywall primer prior to the application of final finishes.<br />
<b>Usage</b>: Suitable base for heavy-medium textured paint or other thick finishes.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Level 4">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Level_4">Level 4</span></h3>
All joints and interior angles shall have tape embedded in joint compound and two separate coats of joint compound applied over all flat joints and one separate coat of joint compound applied over interior angles. Fastener heads and accessories shall be covered with three separate coats of joint compound. All joint compound shall be smooth and free of tool marks and ridges. It is recommended that the prepared surface be coated with a drywall primer prior to the application of final finishes.<br />
<b>Usage</b>: "Standard" household and office walls. Used with light or non-textured finishes. Not suitable for harsh lighting conditions, which may highlight minor imperfections<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Level 5">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Level_5">Level 5</span></h3>
All joints and interior angles shall have tape embedded in joint compound and two separate coats of joint compound applied over all flat joints and one separate coat of joint compound applied over interior angles. Fastener heads and accessories shall be covered with three separate coats of joint compound. A thin skim coat of joint compound, or a material manufactured especially for this purpose, shall be applied to the entire surface. The surface shall be smooth and free of tool marks and ridges. It is recommended that the prepared surface be coated with a drywall primer prior to the application of finish paint. The skim coat is a final leveling agent suitable to smooth out a surface to be used under the harshest lighting conditions that may otherwise highlight any imperfections under the finished surface.<br />
<b>Usage</b>: Gloss and entirely non-textured surfaces.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Defective Chinese imports">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Defective_Chinese_imports">Defective Chinese imports</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Chinese_drywall_controversy" title="2009 Chinese drywall controversy">2009 Chinese drywall controversy</a></div>
There are reports that a substantial amount of defective drywall was imported into the United States from China and incorporated into tens of thousands of homes during rebuilding in 2006 and 2007 following Hurricane Katrina and in other places. Complaints include foul odor, health effects, and corrosion of metal within the structure. The same drywall was sold in Asia without problems resulting, but U.S. homes built much more tightly than homes in China, with less ventilation. A number of lawsuits are underway in many jurisdictions, but many of the sheets of drywall are simply marked, "Made in China", thus making identification of the Chinese manufacturer difficult. An investigation by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Product_Safety_Commission" title="Consumer Product Safety Commission">Consumer Product Safety Commission</a>, CPSC, was underway in 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-15">[16]</a></sup> In November 2009, the CPSC reported a "strong association" between Chinese drywall and corrosion of pipes and wires reported by thousands of homeowners in the United States. Further findings have shown that volatile sulfur compounds, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, have been detected as emissions from the imported drywall and may be linked to health problems. Volatile sulfur compounds are emitted from many different types of drywall, and at least one investigation has pointed to high levels being emitted from drywalls manufactured in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_note-16">[17]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<div style="-moz-column-count: 3;">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification_mark" title="Certification mark">Certification mark</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartmentalization_%28engineering%29" title="Compartmentalization (engineering)">Compartmentalization</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothermic" title="Endothermic">Endothermic</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">Fire protection</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_%28construction%29" title="Firewall (construction)">Firewall (construction)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homasote" title="Homasote">Homasote</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockdown_texture" title="Knockdown texture">Knockdown</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_certification" title="Product certification">Product certification</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuietRock" title="QuietRock">QuietRock</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Gypsum" title="United States Gypsum">United States Gypsum</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2;">
<div class="references">
<ol>
<li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://teaohou.natlib.govt.nz/journals/teaohou/image/Mao46TeA/Mao46TeA062.html" rel="nofollow">TE AO HOU THE MAORI MAGAZINE[electronic resource]</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-oldhouseweb.com-1">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-oldhouseweb.com_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-oldhouseweb.com_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.oldhouseweb.com/how-to-advice/repairing-historic-flat-plaster-walls-and-ceilings-introduction.shtml" rel="nofollow">Repairing Historic Flat Plaster Walls and Ceilings By The Old House Web</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-National_Park_Service:_Preservation_Brief_21:_Repairing_Historic_Flat_Plaster--Walls_and_Ceilings-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-National_Park_Service:_Preservation_Brief_21:_Repairing_Historic_Flat_Plaster--Walls_and_Ceilings_2-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/TPS/briefs/brief21.htm#Historical%20Background" rel="nofollow">Preservation Brief 21: Repairing Historic Flat Plaster-Walls and Ceilings</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-gypsum.org-3">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-gypsum.org_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-gypsum.org_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a class="external free" href="http://www.gypsum.org/mediaguide.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.gypsum.org/mediaguide.html</a> Gypsum Association History of Gypsum Board</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.drywalltips.org/background.htm" rel="nofollow">"Drywall"</a>. DrywallTips.org<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.drywalltips.org/background.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.drywalltips.org/background.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-03</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Drywall&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=DrywallTips.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drywalltips.org%2Fbackground.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Drywall"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> Global Gypsum Magazine, January 2009, p. 18</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> *<a class="external text" href="http://www.gypsum.org/pdf/GA-600-09_Print_7_Megs.pdf" rel="nofollow">Gypsum Association - Fire Resistance Design Manual (GA-600-2009)</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/obj/irc/doc/pubs/nrcc41733/nrcc41733.pdf" rel="nofollow">Performance of wood stud shear walls exposed to fire</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gypsum/gypsumcs06.pdf" rel="nofollow">Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2006</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gypsum/gypsmyb01.pdf" rel="nofollow">Donald W. Olson (2002) <i>Gypsum</i></a> History and production</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/cair/" rel="nofollow">Clean Air Interstate Rule</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.flyash.info/2003/75heeb.pdf" rel="nofollow">Mercury Release from FGD Gypsum</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080421224805/http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Markets/StatusRpts/Inerts.htm" rel="nofollow">Recycled Inerts</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/bown/2008/product/serious-materials-ecorock" rel="nofollow">Serious Materials EcoRock</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgypsum.com/resources/techtalk/revisiting.aspx" rel="nofollow">National Gypsum Company: Levels of Gypsum Board Finish</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/08/business/08drywall.html" rel="nofollow">"Thousands of U.S. Homeowners Cite Drywall for Ills"</a> article by Leslie Wayne in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> October 7, 2009</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/11/23/cbsnews_investigates/main5752469.shtml?tag=cbsnewsTwoColUpperPromoArea" rel="nofollow">Homeowners Charge U.S. Made Toxic Drywall - CBS News</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Drywalls" title="commons:Category:Drywalls">Drywall</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.gypsum.org/" rel="nofollow">Gypsum Association, an organization of manufacturers of gypsum board in the U.S. and Canada</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.iagram.com/index.php/diagrams?func=detail&id=99" rel="nofollow">Cut-away diagram of soundproof drywall</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/ctrl?action=rtdoc&an=5753664&article=17&lang=en" rel="nofollow">Results of 22 tests run at National Research Council of Canada, M.A. Sultan and G.D. Lougheed, some passed, some failed, determining influence of various factors in the design of drywall assemblies.</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ncma.org/resources/Marketing%20Resources/Articles%20for%20Print%20and%20Radio/How%20to%20Prevent%20and%20Control%20mold%20in%20Your%20Home/Mold.htm" rel="nofollow">Article on preventing mold growth in lightweight construction such as drywall</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.ncma.org/resources/Documents/Fire%20Safety%20Materials/WallAssemblies.pdf" rel="nofollow">Fire Test Report per ASTM E119 on Drywall Assemblies with Hose Stream run immediately following Fire Exposure, including pictures.</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.drywallca.com/" rel="nofollow">Drywall Information Trust Fund</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="printfooter">
Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall</a>"</div>
<div id="mw-normal-catlinks">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Composite_materials" title="Category:Composite materials">Composite materials</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Building_materials" title="Category:Building materials">Building materials</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Passive_fire_protection" title="Category:Passive fire protection">Passive fire protection</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wallcoverings" title="Category:Wallcoverings">Wallcoverings</a></span></div>
<div id="mw-normal-catlinks">
</div>
<div id="mw-normal-catlinks">
</div>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">
Carpentry</h1>
<div id="siteSub">
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
<div id="jump-to-nav">
Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#p-search">search</a> </div>
<div class="dablink">
"Carpenter" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_%28disambiguation%29">Carpenter (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-move"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mergefrom.svg"><img alt="Mergefrom.svg" height="20" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" width="50" /></a></div>
</td> <td class="mbox-text">It has been suggested that <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_%28theatre%29" title="Carpenter (theatre)">Carpenter (theatre)</a></i> be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article or section. (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Carpentry" title="Talk:Carpentry">Discuss</a>)</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg"><img alt="Question book-new.svg" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" /></a></div>
</td> <td class="mbox-text">This article <b>needs additional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>.</b><br />
<small>Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> by adding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">reliable references</a>. Unsourced material may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">challenged</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <i>(May 2008)</i></small></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;">
<img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Ambox_content.png" width="40" /></div>
</td> <td class="mbox-text">This article <b>needs attention from an expert on the subject</b>. See the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Carpentry" title="Talk:Carpentry">talk page</a> for details. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Woodworking" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Woodworking">WikiProject Woodworking</a> may be able to help recruit an expert. <small><i>(November 2008)</i></small></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalmercarpenterA.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="287" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PalmercarpenterA.jpg/220px-PalmercarpenterA.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalmercarpenterA.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Carpenter at work in Tennessee, June 1942</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_n-10_0000828.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="225" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fotothek_df_n-10_0000828.jpg/220px-Fotothek_df_n-10_0000828.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_n-10_0000828.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Two German Carpenters working (1975)</div>
</div>
</div>
A <b>carpenter</b> (builder) is a skilled <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">craftsperson</a> who performs <b>carpentry</b>, see also <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joiner">Joiner</a>. Carpenters work with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber" title="Timber">timber</a> to construct, install and maintain <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_construction" title="Building construction">buildings</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniture">furniture</a>, and other objects. The work may involve manual labor and work outdoors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup><br />
Carpentry skill is gained through experience and study. Outside of unions, there are no formal training requirements (in the U.S.) and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_%28profession%29" title="Trade (profession)">trade</a> can be easy to enter. In other countries, such as Germany, Japan and Canada there are strict standards.<br />
The word "carpenter" is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> rendering of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">Old French</a> word <i>carpentier</i> (become <i>charpentier</i>) which is derived from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin">Latin</a> <i>carpentrius [artifex]</i>, "(maker) of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriage">carriage</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup> The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English_language" title="Middle English language">Middle English</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> word (in the sense of "builder") was <i>wright</i> (from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_language" title="Old English language">Old English</a> <i>wryhta</i>), which could be used in compound forms such as <i>wheelwright</i> or <i>boatwright</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup><br />
In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United States</a> carpenters are commonly referred to as "woodpeckers".In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slang">slang</a>, a carpenter is sometimes referred to as a "chippie". In Australia, they are often called "tradies". One of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> words for carpenter is "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a>" from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_High_German">Middle High German</a> <i>zimbermann</i> (a compound of <i>zimber</i>, <i>zim(m)er</i> cf. English ‘timber’ + mann ‘man’), and hence is the source for the surname in German and English-speaking countries. Other woodworking names/professions, that also occur as a surname, are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tischler" title="Tischler">Tischler</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schreiner">Schreiner</a>.<br />
Carpentry in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United States</a> is almost always done by men. With 98.5% of carpenters being male, it was the fourth most male-dominated occupation in the country in 1999.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup><br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div id="toctitle">
<h2>
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#Types_and_occupations"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Types and occupations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#Training"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Training</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#Notable_carpenters"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notable carpenters</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types and occupations">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Types_and_occupations">Types and occupations</span></h2>
A <b>finish carpenter</b> (South America) also called a <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joiner">joiner</a></b> (traditional name now obsolete in North America) is one who does finish carpentry; that is, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">cabinetry</a>, furniture making, fine woodworking, model building, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">instrument</a> making, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parquetry">parquetry</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joinery">joinery</a>, or other carpentry where exact joints and minimal margins of error are important. Some large-scale construction may be of an exactitude and artistry that it is classed as finish carpentry.<br />
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cervo100.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="166" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cervo100.jpg/220px-Cervo100.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cervo100.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Traditional carpenter's tools<br />
Ethnographic Museum of Western Liguria, Cervo, Italy</div>
</div>
</div>
A <b>trim carpenter</b> specializes in molding and trim, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door">door</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window">window</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding_%28decorative%29#Types" title="Molding (decorative)">casings</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplace_mantel" title="Fireplace mantel">mantels</a>, baseboard, and other types of ornamental work. Cabinet installers may also be referred to as trim carpenters.<br />
A <b>cabinetmaker</b> is a carpenter who does fine and detailed work, specializing in the making of cabinets made from wood, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardrobe" title="Wardrobe">wardrobes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_of_drawers" title="Chest of drawers">dressers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_%28furniture%29" title="Chest (furniture)">storage chests</a>, and other furniture designed for storage.<br />
A <b>ship's carpenter</b> specializes in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a>, maintenance, and repair techniques (see also <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipwright</a>) and carpentry specific to nautical needs; usually the term refers to a carpenter who has a post on a specific <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship">ship</a>. Steel warships as well as wooden ones need ship's carpenters, especially for making emergency repairs in the case of battle or storm damage.<br />
A <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_%28theatre%29" title="Carpenter (theatre)">scenic carpenter</a></b> in filmmaking, television, and the theater builds and dismantles temporary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_scenery" title="Theatrical scenery">scenery</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_construction" title="Set construction">sets</a>.<br />
A <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framer">framer</a></b> is a carpenter that builds the skeletal structure or framework of buildings. Techniques include <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_framing" title="Platform framing">platform framing</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_framing" title="Balloon framing">balloon framing</a>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_framing">timber framing</a> (which may be <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_and_beam" title="Post and beam">post-and-beam</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortise-and-tenon</a> framing).<br />
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carpenters_repair_a_door_arp.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="163" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Carpenters_repair_a_door_arp.jpg/220px-Carpenters_repair_a_door_arp.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carpenters_repair_a_door_arp.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
A carpenter and his mate prepare a door for installation in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England">England</a> (2009)</div>
</div>
</div>
A <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luthier">luthier</a></b> is someone who makes or repairs stringed instruments. The word luthier comes from the French word for lute, "luth".<br />
A <b><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formwork_carpenter&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Formwork carpenter (page does not exist)">formwork carpenter</a></b> creates the shuttering and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsework">falsework</a> used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete">concrete</a> construction.<br />
In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan">Japan</a>, Miya-daiku (Temple carpenter) performs the works of both architect and builder of shrine and temple.<br />
<b>Green carpentry</b> is the specialization in the use of <a class="external text" href="http://www.greenproducts.net/environmentally-friendly-building-materials.html" rel="nofollow">environmentally friendly</a>,<a class="external text" href="http://www.energystar.gov/ia/new_homes/Green_Begins_with_ENERGYSTAR_Blue.pdf" rel="nofollow">energy-efficient</a> and <a class="external text" href="http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/GreenBuilding/Basics.htm" rel="nofollow">sustainable</a> sources of building materials to use in construction projects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Training">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Training">Training</span></h2>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;">
<img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Ambox_content.png" width="40" /></div>
</td> <td class="mbox-text">This section <b>may contain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>. Please <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve it</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:References" title="Wikipedia:References">references</a>. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Carpentry" title="Talk:Carpentry">talk page</a>. <small><i>(November 2008)</i></small></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indiacarpenter.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Indiacarpenter.jpg/220px-Indiacarpenter.jpg" width="220" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indiacarpenter.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Carpenters in an Indian village</div>
</div>
</div>
Tradesmen in countries such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany">Germany</a> are required to fulfil a formal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a> (usually three years) to work as a professional carpenter. Upon graduation from the apprenticeship, he or she is known as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journeyman">journeyman</a> carpenter. Up through the 19th and even the early 20th century, the journeyman traveled to another region of the country to learn the building styles and techniques of that area before (usually) returning home. In modern times, journeymen are not required to travel, and the term refers more to a level of proficiency and skill. Union carpenters in the United States - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Brotherhood_of_Carpenters_and_Joiners_of_America">United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America</a> - are required to pass a skills test to be granted official journeyman status, but uncertified professional carpenters may be known as journeymen based on their skill level, years of experience, or simply because they support themselves in the trade, and not due to certification or formal woodworking education.<br />
After working as a journeyman for a period, a carpenter may go to study or test as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_craftsman" title="Master craftsman">master</a> carpenter. In some countries, such as Germany or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan">Japan</a>, this is an arduous and expensive process, requiring extensive knowledge (including economic and legal knowledge) and skill to achieve master certification; these countries generally require master status for anyone employing and teaching apprentices in the craft. In others, it can be a loosely used term to describe a skilled carpenter.<br />
In Canada, each province sets its own standards for apprenticeship. The average length of time is four years and includes a minimum number of hours of both on the job training and technical instruction at a college or other institution. Depending on the number of hours of instruction an apprentice receives, he or she can earn a Certificate of Proficiency, making them a journeyman, or a Certificate of Qualification, which allows them to practice a more limited amount of carpentry. Canadian carpenters also have the option of acquiring an additional Interprovincial Red Seal<a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.red-seal.ca/c.4nt.2nt@-eng.jsp?cid=22#redseal" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> that allows them to practice anywhere in Canada. The Red Seal requires the completion of an apprenticeship and an additional examination.<br />
In the modern British <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction">construction</a> industry, carpenters are trained through apprenticeship schemes where <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSEs</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics">Mathematics</a>, English and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology">Technology</a> help, but are not essential. This is deemed as the preferred route as young people can earn and gain field experience whilst training towards a nationally recognized qualification.<br />
Fully trained carpenters and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joiner" title="Joiner">joiners</a> will often move into related trades such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shop_fitting">Shop fitting</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frameworking&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Frameworking (page does not exist)">frameworking</a>, bench <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joinery">joinery</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance,_repair_and_operations" title="Maintenance, repair and operations">maintenance</a> and system installation.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notable carpenters">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_carpenters">Notable carpenters</span></h2>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="multicol" style="width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr> <td align="left" valign="top"><br />
<dl>
<dt>Religious figures</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus of Nazareth</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph">Saint Joseph</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayasura" title="Mayasura">Maya</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah">Noah</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswakarma" title="Viswakarma">Viswakarma</a></li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dt>Historic figures</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Herland">Hugh Herland</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hurley_%28carpenter%29" title="William Hurley (carpenter)">William Hurley</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lyminge">Robert Lyminge</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Banckes">Matthew Banckes</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympson_the_Joiner">Sympson the Joiner</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_McNish">Harry McNish</a></li>
</ul>
</td> <td align="left" valign="top"><br />
<dl>
<dt>Contemporary</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Kane">Andy Kane</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Abram" title="Norm Abram">Norm "New Yankee" Abram</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Holmes">Mike Holmes</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Ford">Harrison Ford</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Carolla">Adam Carolla</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Underhill">Roy Underhill</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Haw">Brian Haw</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Broun">Jeremy Broun</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Wade_Brown">Theo Wade Brown</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulinho_da_Viola">Paulinho da Viola</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Peters">Alan Peters</a></li>
</ul>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_construction" title="Building construction">Building construction</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild">Guild</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_%28theatre%29">Carpenter (theatre)</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Community_ToolBank" title="Atlanta Community ToolBank">Atlanta Community ToolBank</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist">
<div class="references">
<ol>
<li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Byron W. Maguire (1988). <i>Carpentry in Commercial Construction</i>. Craftsman Book Company. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934041-33-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-934041-33-4">0-934041-33-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carpentry+in+Commercial+Construction&rft.aulast=Byron+W.+Maguire&rft.au=Byron+W.+Maguire&rft.date=1988&rft.pub=Craftsman+Book+Company&rft.isbn=0-934041-33-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carpentry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/C0123600.html" rel="nofollow">The American heritage dictionary of the English language</a> - Etymology of the word "carpenter"</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/censr-15.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Evidence From Census 2000 About Earnings by Detailed Occupation for Men and Women. Census 2000 Special Reports, May 2004."</a> (PDF)<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/censr-15.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/censr-15.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-09-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Evidence+From+Census+2000+About+Earnings+by+Detailed+Occupation+for+Men+and+Women.+Census+2000+Special+Reports%2C+May+2004.&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F2004pubs%2Fcensr-15.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carpentry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.uwex.edu/CES/cced/communities/documents/GreenCollar.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Defining Green-Collar Jobs"</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.uwex.edu/CES/cced/communities/documents/GreenCollar.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.uwex.edu/CES/cced/communities/documents/GreenCollar.pdf</a></span>. "There is no consensus on how to define green-collar jobs. A very broad interpretation of green jobs would include all existing and new jobs that contribute to environmental quality through improved efficiencies, better resource management, and other technologies that successfully address the environmental challenges facing society. Probably the most concise, general definition is “well-paid, career track jobs that contribute directly to preserving or enhancing environmental quality” (Apollo Alliance 2008, 3). This definition suggests that green-collar jobs directly contribute to improving environmental quality, but would not include low-wage jobs that provide little mobility. Most discussion of green-collar jobs does not refer to positions that require a college degree, but they typically do involve training beyond high school. Many of the positions are similar to skilled, blue-collar jobs, such as electricians, welders, <b>carpenters</b>, etc."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Defining+Green-Collar+Jobs&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwex.edu%2FCES%2Fcced%2Fcommunities%2Fdocuments%2FGreenCollar.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Carpentry"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carpentry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carpenters" title="commons:Category:Carpenters">Carpenters</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" width="40" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Wikibooks has more on the topic of <br />
<div style="margin-left: 10px;">
<i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Carpentry" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Carpentry">Carpentry</a></b></i></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="37" /></td> <td class="mbox-text">Look up <i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/carpentry" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/carpentry">carpentry</a></b></i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.instituteofcarpenters.com/pages/default.aspx" rel="nofollow">the Institute of Carpenters</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos202.htm" rel="nofollow">Carpenters</a> - from the BLS <a class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/oco/home.htm" rel="nofollow">Occupational Outlook Handbook</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="printfooter">
Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry</a>"</div>
<div id="mw-normal-catlinks">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Construction_trades_workers" title="Category:Construction trades workers">Construction trades workers</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Crafts" title="Category:Crafts">Crafts</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Occupations" title="Category:Occupations">Occupations</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Woodworking" title="Category:Woodworking">Woodworking</a></span></div>
<div id="mw-normal-catlinks">
</div>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">
Oakland County, Michigan</h1>
<div id="siteSub">
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
<div id="jump-to-nav">
Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#p-search">search</a> </div>
<table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width: 23em;"><tbody>
<tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 1.25em; text-align: center; white-space: nowrap; width: 100%;"><b><span class="fn org">Oakland County</span>, <span class="adr"><span class="region">Michigan</span></span></b></td> </tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td class="maptable" colspan="2" style="padding: 0.4em 0pt; text-align: center;"><table style="width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr> <td align="center" style="vertical-align: middle;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oakland_seal.png" title="Seal of Oakland County, Michigan"><img alt="Seal of Oakland County, Michigan" height="75" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Oakland_seal.png/75px-Oakland_seal.png" width="75" /></a><br />
<small><b>Seal</b></small></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Oakland_County.svg" title="Map of Michigan highlighting Oakland County"><img alt="Map of Michigan highlighting Oakland County" height="234" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Oakland_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Oakland_County.svg.png" width="200" /></a><br />
<small>Location in the state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan">Michigan</a></small></td> </tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_USA_MI.svg" title="Map of the U.S. highlighting Michigan"><img alt="Map of the U.S. highlighting Michigan" height="130" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Map_of_USA_MI.svg/200px-Map_of_USA_MI.svg.png" width="200" /></a><br />
<small>Michigan's location in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></small></td> </tr>
<tr> <th>Founded</th> <td>January 12, 1819 <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup></td> </tr>
<tr> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">Seat</a></th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac,_Michigan" title="Pontiac, Michigan">Pontiac</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <th>Area<br />
- Total<br />
- Land<br />
- Water</th> <td><br />
908 sq mi (2,352 km²)<br />
873 sq mi (2,260 km²)<br />
35 sq mi (92 km²), 3.91%</td> </tr>
<tr> <th>Population<br />
- (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Census" title="2000 United States Census">2000</a>)<br />
- Density</th> <td><br />
1,194,156<br />
1,391/sq mi (537/km²)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><b>Website</b></td> <td><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="http://www.oakgov.com/" rel="nofollow">www.OakGov.Com</a></span></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Oakland County</b> is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_States" title="Counties of the United States">county</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan">Michigan</a>. As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display: none;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit" rel="nofollow">[update]</a></sup>, the population was estimated at 1,205,508.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat">county seat</a> is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac,_Michigan" title="Pontiac, Michigan">Pontiac</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GR6_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_note-GR6-2">[3]</a></sup> Oakland County is part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Detroit" title="Metro Detroit">Detroit metropolitan area</a>, though the actual city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit">Detroit</a> is located in neighboring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_County,_Michigan" title="Wayne County, Michigan">Wayne County</a>, south of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Mile_Road" title="Eight Mile Road">Eight Mile Road</a>. Oakland County is home to 62 cities, villages and townships. These communities range from blue-collar, inner-ring suburbs like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferndale,_Michigan" title="Ferndale, Michigan">Ferndale</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Park,_Michigan" title="Hazel Park, Michigan">Hazel Park</a>, to wealthy cities such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Michigan" title="Birmingham, Michigan">Birmingham</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomfield_Hills,_Michigan" title="Bloomfield Hills, Michigan">Bloomfield Hills</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bloomfield,_Michigan" title="West Bloomfield, Michigan">West Bloomfield Township</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Michigan" title="Franklin, Michigan">Franklin</a>. The white-collar cities of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_Michigan" title="Troy, Michigan">Troy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southfield,_Michigan" title="Southfield, Michigan">Southfield</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington_Hills,_Michigan" title="Farmington Hills, Michigan">Farmington Hills</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_Hills,_Michigan" title="Auburn Hills, Michigan">Auburn Hills</a> host a diverse mix of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_500">Fortune 500</a> companies. The cities of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Oak,_Michigan" title="Royal Oak, Michigan">Royal Oak</a>, home of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Zoological_Park" title="Detroit Zoological Park">Detroit Zoological Park</a>, and Ferndale attract many young people to their mature, bohemian downtowns, which have many restaurants, shops and night clubs. Oakland County is also home to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_University">Oakland University</a>, a large public institution that straddles the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_Hills" title="Auburn Hills">Auburn Hills</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Michigan" title="Rochester, Michigan">Rochester</a> border.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Detroit">Metro Detroit</a>'s suburbs are among the most affluent in the nation. Oakland County is the 4th wealthiest county in the United States among counties with more than one million people. The county's knowledge-based economic initiative, coined "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation_Alley">Automation Alley</a>", is one of the largest employment centers for engineering and related occupations in the United States. Oakland County has shared in the recent economic hardships brought on by troubles at <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler">Chrysler</a>, although it has fared better than <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit">Detroit</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a>, as its economy is more diverse and less reliant on manufacturing jobs. All three automotive companies are major employers within <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Michigan">southeast Michigan</a> and have a significant presence within Oakland County.<br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div id="toctitle">
<h2>
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a> <ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Adjacent_counties"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Adjacent counties</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Government"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a> <ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Oakland_County_elected_officials"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Oakland County elected officials</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Cities.2C_villages.2C_and_townships"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Cities, villages, and townships</span></a> <ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Cities"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Villages"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Villages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Townships"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Townships</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Transportation"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Transportation</span></a> <ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Air"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Air</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Major_highways"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Major highways</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Other_major_roads"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Other major roads</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Mile_roads"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Mile roads</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Bicycling"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Bicycling</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Programs"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Programs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Education"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a> <ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Higher_education"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Higher education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Primary_and_secondary_education"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Primary and secondary education</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span></h2>
According to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, the county has a total area of 908 square miles (2,352 km²). Of that, 873 square miles (2,260 km²) of it is land and 35 square miles (92 km²) of it (3.91%) is water.<br />
Oakland County was originally divided into 25 separate <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townships" title="Townships">townships</a>, which are listed below. Each township is roughly equal in size at six miles (10 km) by six miles, for a total township area of 36 square miles (93 km<sup>2</sup>). The roots of this design were born out of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785">Land Ordinance of 1785</a> and the subsequent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> of 1787. Oakland County itself is a prime example of the land policy that was established, as all townships are equal in size (save for slight variations due to waterways). Section 16 in each township was reserved for financing and maintaining public education, and even today many schools in Oakland County townships are located within that section.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_County,_Michigan" title="Wayne County, Michigan">Wayne County</a>, where the city of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</a> is located, borders Oakland County to the south. The southern boundary is <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Mile_Road" title="8 Mile Road">8 Mile Road</a>, also known as "Baseline Road" in some areas. The baseline was used during the original surveying for Michigan, and it serves as the northern/southern boundaries for counties from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Saint_Clair_%28North_America%29" title="Lake Saint Clair (North America)">Lake St. Clair</a> all the way to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>. This divide (8 Mile Road) has been widely known as an unofficial racial dividing line between the largely <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> city and almost exclusively <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whites" title="Whites">white</a> suburbs. Some exceptions to this pattern of <i>de facto</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregation</a> have developed in recent years, as middle-class African-Americans depart the city for inner-ring suburbs, notably Southfield, west of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-1_%28Michigan_highway%29" title="M-1 (Michigan highway)">Woodward Avenue</a>, but to the east the line has endured.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Adjacent counties">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Adjacent_counties">Adjacent counties</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapeer_County,_Michigan" title="Lapeer County, Michigan">Lapeer County</a> (northeast)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesee_County,_Michigan" title="Genesee County, Michigan">Genesee County</a> (northwest)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macomb_County,_Michigan" title="Macomb County, Michigan">Macomb County</a> (east)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_County,_Michigan" title="Wayne County, Michigan">Wayne County</a> (southeast)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washtenaw_County,_Michigan" title="Washtenaw County, Michigan">Washtenaw County</a> (southwest)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_County,_Michigan" title="Livingston County, Michigan">Livingston County</a> (west)</li>
</ul>
<table class="navbox" style="font-size: 95%; margin: 0.5em auto; width: 80%;"><tbody>
<tr> <td rowspan="5" style="text-align: center;" width="5%"><img alt="" height="50" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Compass_rose_pale-50x50.png" width="50" /></td> <td style="text-align: center; width: 30%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesee_County,_Michigan" title="Genesee County, Michigan">Genesee County</a></td> <td style="text-align: center; width: 30%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesee_County,_Michigan" title="Genesee County, Michigan">Genesee County</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapeer_County,_Michigan" title="Lapeer County, Michigan">Lapeer County</a></td> <td style="text-align: center; width: 30%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapeer_County,_Michigan" title="Lapeer County, Michigan">Lapeer County</a></td> <td rowspan="5" style="padding: 0pt; text-align: center;" width="5%"><img alt="" height="50" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Compass_rose_pale-50x50.png" width="50" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; width: 30%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_County,_Michigan" title="Livingston County, Michigan">Livingston County</a></td> <td style="text-align: center; width: 30%;"><img alt="" height="17" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/17px-North.svg.png" width="17" /></td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; width: 30%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macomb_County,_Michigan" title="Macomb County, Michigan">Macomb County</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td nowrap="nowrap" style="text-align: center; width: 30%;"><img alt="" height="17" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/17px-West.svg.png" width="17" /> <b>Oakland County, Michigan</b> <img alt="" height="17" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/17px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png" width="17" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center; width: 30%;"><img alt="" height="17" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/17px-South.svg.png" width="17" /></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center; width: 30%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washtenaw_County,_Michigan" title="Washtenaw County, Michigan">Washtenaw County</a></td> <td style="text-align: center; width: 30%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_County,_Michigan" title="Wayne County, Michigan">Wayne County (Detroit)</a></td> <td style="text-align: center; width: 30%;"><br /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span></h2>
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" class="toccolours" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0pt 0pt 1em 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr> <th bgcolor="#ccccff" colspan="4" style="background-color: #ccccff; font-size: 110%; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; text-align: center;">Historical populations</th> </tr>
<tr style="font-size: 95%;"> <th style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; text-align: center;">Census</th> <th style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; text-align: center;"><span style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="Population">Pop.</span></th> <th style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; text-align: center;"><br /></th> <th style="border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; text-align: center;"><span style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px;" title="Percent change">%±</span></th> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_States_Census" title="1900 United States Census">1900</a></b></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;">44,792</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>
—</center>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910_United_States_Census" title="1910 United States Census">1910</a></b></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;">49,576</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">10.7</span>%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_Census" title="1920 United States Census">1920</a></b></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;">90,050</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">81.6</span>%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_United_States_Census" title="1930 United States Census">1930</a></b></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;">211,251</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">134.6</span>%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_Census" title="1940 United States Census">1940</a></b></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;">254,068</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">20.3</span>%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_United_States_Census" title="1950 United States Census">1950</a></b></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;">396,001</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">55.9</span>%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_Census" title="1960 United States Census">1960</a></b></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;">690,259</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">74.3</span>%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_United_States_Census" title="1970 United States Census">1970</a></b></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;">907,871</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">31.5</span>%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_Census" title="1980 United States Census">1980</a></b></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;">1,011,793</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">11.4</span>%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_United_States_Census" title="1990 United States Census">1990</a></b></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;">1,083,592</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">7.1</span>%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Census" title="2000 United States Census">2000</a></b></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;">1,194,156</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">10.2</span>%</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>Est. 2009</b></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;">1,205,508</td> <td><br /></td> <td style="padding-left: 8px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">1.0</span>%</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
As of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census">census</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GR2_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_note-GR2-3">[4]</a></sup> of 2000, there were 1,194,156 people, 471,115 households, and 315,175 families residing in the county. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density">population density</a> was 1,369 people per square mile (528/km²). There were 492,006 housing units at an average density of 564 per square mile (218/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 82.75% <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29" title="Race (United States Census)">White</a>, 10.11% <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29" title="Race (United States Census)">Black</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29" title="Race (United States Census)">African American</a>, 0.27% <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29" title="Race (United States Census)">Native American</a>, 4.14% <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_American">Asian American</a>, 0.02% <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29" title="Race (United States Census)">Pacific Islander</a>, 0.84% from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29" title="Race (United States Census)">other races</a>, and 1.86% from two or more races. 2.43% of the population were <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29" title="Race (United States Census)">Hispanic</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29" title="Race (United States Census)">Latino</a> of any race. Regarding ancestry, 14.4% were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a>, 9.0% <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>, 8.5% <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a>, 8.5% <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles" title="Poles">Polish</a>, 5.7% <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> and 5.5% <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a>, according to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_2000" title="Census 2000">Census 2000</a>. 87.4% spoke <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, 2.0% <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, 1.3% <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and 1.0% <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> as their first language.<br />
The 2000 census showed two Native American tribes with more than 1,000 members in Oakland County. There were 2,095 Cherokee and 1,458 Chippewa.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-search_results_4-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_note-search_results-4">[5]</a></sup><br />
The Jewish community of metropolitan Detroit, with a population of 72,000, is the 21st largest Jewish community in the nation. This community is concentrated in Oakland County, especially in West Bloomfield, Bloomfield Hills, Farmington Hills and Huntington Woods.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup><br />
There were 471,115 households, of which 32.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 54.20% were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">married couples</a> living together, 9.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.10% were non-families. 27.30% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.09.<br />
Among Asian-Americans, eight ethnic groups had more than 1,000 members in the county. The most numerous were those of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_American" title="Indian American">Asian Indian</a> decent, with 20,705. Next were those of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_American" title="Chinese American">Chinese</a> heritage, numbering 10,018. Next were those of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American" title="Japanese American">Japanese</a> (5,589), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_American" title="Filipino American">Filipino</a> (5,450) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_American" title="Korean American">Korean</a> (5,351), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_American" title="Vietnamese American">Vietnamese</a> (1,687), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_American" title="Pakistani American">Pakistani</a> (1,458) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a> (1,210) ancestry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-search_results_4-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_note-search_results-4">[5]</a></sup><br />
The county's population was spread out in terms of age, with 25.20% of people under the age of 18, 7.20% from 18 to 24, 32.40% from 25 to 44, 23.90% from 45 to 64, and 11.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 95.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.70 males.<br />
The median income for a household in the county was $61,907, and the median income for a family was $75,540 (these figures had risen to $62,308 and $79,589 respectively as of a 2009 estimate<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup>). Males had a median income of $55,833 versus $35,890 for females. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income">per capita income</a> for the county was $32,534. About 3.80% of families and 5.50% of the population were below the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>, including 6.50% of those under age 18 and 6.50% of those age 65 or over.<br />
In 2009, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that non-Hispanic whites (including Arabs and Chaldeans) formed 76.8% of the population; African-Americans, 12.5%; Asian-Americans, 5.7%; and Hispanic or Latino people (of any race), 3.2%.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
Created by territorial Gov. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass">Lewis Cass</a> in 1819, sparsely settled Oakland was twice its current size at first, but shrank as Michigan's population grew and new counties were established. Woodward Avenue and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_and_Pontiac_Railroad">Detroit and Pontiac Railroad</a> helped draw settlers in the 1840s. By 1840, Oakland had more than fifty mills. Pontiac, located on the Clinton River, was Oakland's first town and became the county seat. After the Civil War, Oakland was mainly an agricultural county with numerous isolated villages. By the end of the 19th century, three rail lines served Pontiac and the city attracted carriage and wagon factories. Streetcars began moving people in the late 1890s.<br />
Developers turned southern Oakland County into a suburb of Detroit in the 1890s, when a Cincinnati firm platted a section of Royal Oak called "Urbanrest." Migration worked both ways. Several thousand people moved from Oakland County farms to Detroit as the city attracted factories. By 1910, a number of rich <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroiters" title="Detroiters">Detroiters</a> had summer homes and some year-round residences in what became Bloomfield Hills. The auto age enveloped Pontiac in the early 1900s. The <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_Motor_Car_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Oakland Motor Car Co. (page does not exist)">Oakland Motor Car Co.</a> was founded in 1907 and became a part of General Motors Corp., which was soon Pontiac's dominant firm.<br />
In the 1950s, jobs and people began leaving Detroit. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northland_Center">Northland Center</a> opened in 1954. Oakland County passed Wayne County in effective buying power by 1961, when it ranked 28th in the nation in household income. It ranked second-highest nationally in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita">per capita</a> income for counties of more than a million people, behind <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_County" title="New York County">New York County</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan">Manhattan</a>). The median price of a home in Oakland County skyrocketed to $164,697, more than $30,000 above the national median.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Government">Government</span></h2>
The county government operates the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_jail" title="County jail">jail</a>, operates the major local courts, keeps files of deeds and mortgages, maintains <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital_records" title="Vital records">vital records</a>, administers <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health">public health</a> regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of welfare and other social services. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_commission" title="County commission">county board of commissioners</a> controls the budget but has limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. — are the responsibility of individual cities and townships. Oakland County has an elected sheriff, and his or her law-enforcement services are used throughout the county. Fourteen cities/townships do not have personalized police forces, but rather contract with the sheriff for police services specific to the municipalities. For instance, the city of Rochester Hills does not have a "Rochester Hills Police Department," but instead has an established sheriff substation in the city with deputies who are dedicated to that city only. That branch operates as the Oakland County Sheriff's Department, Rochester Hills substation. The sheriff operates in the same manner with other municipalities who opt not to have their own police agencies. This typically is a cost-effective way for municipalities to provide police services to its citizens. The county sheriff also maintains a civil division, marine division, alcohol and traffic enforcement units, and an aviation division.<br />
Roads that are not maintained by a local community (city/village) are maintained by the <a class="external text" href="http://www.rcocweb.org/" rel="nofollow">Road Commission for Oakland County</a>, which is governed by three board members appointed by the Oakland County Board of Commissioners.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oakland County elected officials">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Oakland_County_elected_officials">Oakland County elected officials</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Executive" title="County Executive">County Executive</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brooks_Patterson">L. Brooks Patterson</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">Prosecuting Attorney</a>: <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jessica_R._Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jessica R. Cooper (page does not exist)">Jessica R. Cooper</a> (Democrat) <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff">Sheriff</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Bouchard">Mike Bouchard</a> (Republican)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clerk" title="County Clerk">County Clerk</a>/<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_of_Deeds" title="Register of Deeds">Register of Deeds</a>: <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Bullard,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bill Bullard, Jr. (page does not exist)">Bill Bullard, Jr.</a> (Republican)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer" title="Treasurer">County Treasurer</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Meisner">Andy Meisner</a> (Democrat)</li>
<li><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_Resources_Commissioner&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Water Resources Commissioner (page does not exist)">Water Resources Commissioner</a>: <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_P._McCulloch&action=edit&redlink=1" title="John P. McCulloch (page does not exist)">John P. McCulloch</a> (Republican)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Commission" title="County Commission">Board of Commissioners</a>: 25 members, elected from districts (15 Republicans, 10 Democrats)</li>
</ul>
<b>Oakland County Commissioners</b> District 01: Beth Nuccio, District 02: Robert Hoffman, District 03: Michael J. Gingell (Chairman of the Board of Commissioners), District 04: Thomas Middleton, District 05: John A. Scott, District 06: Jim Runestad, District 07: Christine Long, District 08: Philip J. Weipert, District 09: Kathy Crawford, District 10: Mattie M. Hatchett, District 11: Tim Greimel, District 12: Jeff Matis, District 13: Robert Gosselin, District 14: William Dwyer, District 15: Jim Nash, District 16: Shelley G. Taub, District 17: Marcia Gershenson, District 18: Dave Woodward, District 19: Mike Bosnic, District 20: David W. Potts, District 21: Janet Jackson, District 22: Helaine Zack, District 23: Nancy L. Quarles, District 24: Gary R. McGillivray, District 25: Craig Covey<br />
<small>(information as of January 2011)</small><br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span></h2>
<table class="wikitable" style="float: right; font-size: 95%;"><caption><b>Presidential Election Results 1960-2008</b></caption> <tbody>
<tr style="background: lightgrey;"> <th>Year</th> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a></th> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></th> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 255); text-align: center;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_2008" title="U.S. presidential election, 2008">2008</a></b></td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 255); text-align: center;"><b>56.42%</b> <i>373,270</i></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;">41.94% <i>277,480</i></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 255); text-align: center;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_2004" title="U.S. presidential election, 2004">2004</a></b></td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 255); text-align: center;"><b>49.75%</b> <i>319,387</i></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;">49.32% <i>316,633</i></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 255); text-align: center;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_2000" title="U.S. presidential election, 2000">2000</a></b></td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 255); text-align: center;"><b>49.31%</b> <i>281,201</i></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;">48.10% <i>274,319</i></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 255); text-align: center;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1996" title="U.S. presidential election, 1996">1996</a></b></td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 255); text-align: center;"><b>47.84%</b> <i>241,884</i></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;">43.48% <i>219,855</i></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1992" title="U.S. presidential election, 1992">1992</a></b></td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 255); text-align: center;">38.64% <i>214,733</i></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;"><b>43.57%</b> <i>242,160</i></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1988" title="U.S. presidential election, 1988">1988</a></b></td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 255); text-align: center;">37.78% <i>174,745</i></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;"><b>61.27%</b> <i>283,359</i></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1984" title="U.S. presidential election, 1984">1984</a></b></td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 255); text-align: center;">32.76% <i>150,286</i></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;"><b>66.71%</b> <i>306,050</i></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1980" title="U.S. presidential election, 1980">1980</a></b></td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 255); text-align: center;">35.58% <i>164,869</i></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;"><b>54.65%</b> <i>253,211</i></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1976" title="U.S. presidential election, 1976">1976</a></b></td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 255); text-align: center;">39.47% <i>164,266</i></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;"><b>58.69%</b> <i>244,271</i></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1972" title="U.S. presidential election, 1972">1972</a></b></td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 255); text-align: center;">34.16% <i>129,400</i></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;"><b>63.78%</b> <i>241,613</i></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1968" title="U.S. presidential election, 1968">1968</a></b></td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 255); text-align: center;">44.76% <i>154,630</i></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;"><b>45.31%</b> <i>156,538</i></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 255); text-align: center;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1964" title="U.S. presidential election, 1964">1964</a></b></td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 255); text-align: center;"><b>61.44%</b> <i>182,797</i></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;">38.33% <i>114,025</i></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1960" title="U.S. presidential election, 1960">1960</a></b></td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 255); text-align: center;">45.39% <i>135,531</i></td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 243, 243); text-align: center;"><b>54.27%</b> <i>162,026</i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
Oakland County historically has been a stronghold of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, in large part because of the party's support for policies that favor businesses. However, the county also contains a sizable number of unaffiliated voters, many of whom have recently favored the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>. In the 1990s, Oakland County moved toward the Democratic Party at the national level. Political analyst <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Barone_%28pundit%29" title="Michael Barone (pundit)">Michael Barone</a>, among others, has theorized that this occurred when cultural issues such as abortion rights and gun control became more salient than economic concerns for more voters, especially affluent suburban women. Democratic presidential candidates won a plurality of the county's vote in 1996, 2000 and 2004, and a majority in 2008 (<i>See chart at right</i>).<br />
In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">111th Congress</a>, Oakland County is represented by two Democrats, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Peters_%28Michigan_politician%29" title="Gary Peters (Michigan politician)">Gary Peters</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">Sander Levin</a>, and two Republicans, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter" title="Thaddeus McCotter">Thaddeus McCotter</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rogers_%28Michigan_politician%29" title="Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)">Mike Rogers</a>. Peters was elected for the first time 2008, a victory that was seen as a particular coup for the Democrats as his seat, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 9th congressional district">9th</a>, had been held by Republicans for over twenty years.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cities, villages, and townships">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cities.2C_villages.2C_and_townships">Cities, villages, and townships</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oakland_County_Michigan_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas.svg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="183" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Oakland_County_Michigan_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas.svg/300px-Oakland_County_Michigan_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas.svg.png" width="300" /></a> <br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oakland_County_Michigan_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas.svg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
The white areas represent unincorporated charter and civil townships. The gray areas represent incorporated cities and villages.</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cities">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cities">Cities</span></h3>
<table><tbody>
<tr valign="top"> <td><ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_Hills,_Michigan" title="Auburn Hills, Michigan">Auburn Hills</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkley,_Michigan" title="Berkley, Michigan">Berkley</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Michigan" title="Birmingham, Michigan">Birmingham</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomfield_Hills,_Michigan" title="Bloomfield Hills, Michigan">Bloomfield Hills</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkston,_Michigan" title="Clarkston, Michigan">Clarkston</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clawson,_Michigan" title="Clawson, Michigan">Clawson</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington,_Michigan" title="Farmington, Michigan">Farmington</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington_Hills,_Michigan" title="Farmington Hills, Michigan">Farmington Hills</a> <sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferndale,_Michigan" title="Ferndale, Michigan">Ferndale</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Park,_Michigan" title="Hazel Park, Michigan">Hazel Park</a><sup>2</sup></li>
</ul>
</td> <td><ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Woods,_Michigan" title="Huntington Woods, Michigan">Huntington Woods</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keego_Harbor,_Michigan" title="Keego Harbor, Michigan">Keego Harbor</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Angelus,_Michigan" title="Lake Angelus, Michigan">Lake Angelus</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathrup_Village,_Michigan" title="Lathrup Village, Michigan">Lathrup Village</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Heights,_Michigan" title="Madison Heights, Michigan">Madison Heights</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi,_Michigan" title="Novi, Michigan">Novi</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Park,_Michigan" title="Oak Park, Michigan">Oak Park</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard_Lake_Village,_Michigan" title="Orchard Lake Village, Michigan">Orchard Lake Village</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Ridge,_Michigan" title="Pleasant Ridge, Michigan">Pleasant Ridge</a></li>
</ul>
</td> <td><ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac,_Michigan" title="Pontiac, Michigan">Pontiac</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat">county seat</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Michigan" title="Rochester, Michigan">Rochester</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Hills,_Michigan" title="Rochester Hills, Michigan">Rochester Hills</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Oak,_Michigan" title="Royal Oak, Michigan">Royal Oak</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lyon,_Michigan" title="South Lyon, Michigan">South Lyon</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southfield,_Michigan" title="Southfield, Michigan">Southfield</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvan_Lake,_Michigan" title="Sylvan Lake, Michigan">Sylvan Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_Michigan" title="Troy, Michigan">Troy</a> <sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walled_Lake,_Michigan" title="Walled Lake, Michigan">Walled Lake</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wixom,_Michigan" title="Wixom, Michigan">Wixom</a></li>
</ul>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<sup>1</sup>In the 2000 Census, Farmington Hills was the most populous city in the county. As of the 2005 Census estimates, Troy is now the most populous city.<br />
<sup>2</sup>As of 2004, Hazel Park was the second most densely populated city in the state, succeeding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Oak_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Royal Oak Charter Township, Michigan">Royal Oak Charter Township</a> after a portion of the township was annexed into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Park,_Michigan" title="Oak Park, Michigan">Oak Park</a>.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Villages">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Villages">Villages</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_Michigan" title="Beverly Hills, Michigan">Beverly Hills</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingham_Farms,_Michigan" title="Bingham Farms, Michigan">Bingham Farms</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Michigan" title="Franklin, Michigan">Franklin</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly,_Michigan" title="Holly, Michigan">Holly</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Orion,_Michigan" title="Lake Orion, Michigan">Lake Orion</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard,_Michigan" title="Leonard, Michigan">Leonard</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford,_Michigan" title="Milford, Michigan">Milford</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortonville,_Michigan" title="Ortonville, Michigan">Ortonville</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_Michigan" title="Oxford, Michigan">Oxford</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_Lake,_Michigan" title="Wolverine Lake, Michigan">Wolverine Lake</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Townships">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Townships">Townships</span></h3>
<table><tbody>
<tr valign="top"> <td><ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_Township,_Michigan" title="Addison Township, Michigan">Addison Township</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_Township,_Michigan" title="Avon Township, Michigan">Avon Township</a>* (now Rochester Hills)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomfield_Township,_Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Bloomfield Township, Oakland County, Michigan">Bloomfield Charter Township</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Township,_Michigan" title="Brandon Township, Michigan">Brandon Township</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_Township,_Michigan" title="Commerce Township, Michigan">Commerce Charter Township</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington_Township,_Michigan" title="Farmington Township, Michigan">Farmington Township</a>*</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groveland_Township,_Michigan" title="Groveland Township, Michigan">Groveland Township</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Township,_Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Highland Township, Oakland County, Michigan">Highland Charter Township</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Township,_Michigan" title="Holly Township, Michigan">Holly Township</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Township,_Michigan" title="Independence Township, Michigan">Independence Charter Township</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_Township,_Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Lyon Township, Oakland County, Michigan">Lyon Charter Township</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford_Township,_Michigan" title="Milford Township, Michigan">Milford Charter Township</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Township,_Michigan" title="Novi Township, Michigan">Novi Township</a></li>
</ul>
</td> <td><ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Oakland Charter Township, Michigan">Oakland Charter Township</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Township,_Michigan" title="Orion Township, Michigan">Orion Charter Township</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Oxford Charter Township, Michigan">Oxford Charter Township</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Township,_Michigan" title="Pontiac Township, Michigan">Pontiac Township</a>*</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Township,_Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Rose Township, Oakland County, Michigan">Rose Township</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Oak_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Royal Oak Charter Township, Michigan">Royal Oak Charter Township</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southfield_Township,_Michigan" title="Southfield Township, Michigan">Southfield Township</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Township,_Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Springfield Township, Oakland County, Michigan">Springfield Township</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Township,_Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Troy Township, Oakland County, Michigan">Troy Township</a>*</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Township,_Michigan" title="Waterford Township, Michigan">Waterford Charter Township</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bloomfield_Township,_Michigan" title="West Bloomfield Township, Michigan">West Bloomfield Charter Township</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Lake_Township,_Michigan" title="White Lake Township, Michigan">White Lake Township</a></li>
</ul>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
* Township has been incorporated into a city: Avon to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Hills,_Michigan" title="Rochester Hills, Michigan">City of Rochester Hills</a>; Farmington to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington_Hills,_Michigan" title="Farmington Hills, Michigan">City of Farmington Hills</a>; Pontiac to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac,_Michigan" title="Pontiac, Michigan">City of Pontiac</a>, City of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Angelus" title="Lake Angelus">Lake Angelus</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_Hills,_Michigan" title="Auburn Hills, Michigan">City of Auburn Hills</a>; and Troy to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_Michigan" title="Troy, Michigan">City of Troy</a>. For survey purposes, these areas are still referred to by the assigned township name.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Transportation">Transportation</span></h2>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Air">Air</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Metropolitan_Wayne_County_Airport" title="Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport">Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW)</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus,_Michigan" title="Romulus, Michigan">Romulus</a>) - Major commercial airport, hub for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_Airlines">Spirit Airlines</a>; located in Wayne County.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_International_Airport" title="Bishop International Airport">Flint-Bishop International Airport(FNT)</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a>) - Commercial airport, which is located in neighboring Genesee County.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_A._Young_International_Airport" title="Coleman A. Young International Airport">Coleman A. Young International Airport (DET)</a> (Detroit) - General aviation only. This airport is in neighboring Wayne County in the city of Detroit.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County_International_Airport" title="Oakland County International Airport">Oakland County International Airport (PTK)</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Township,_Michigan" title="Waterford Township, Michigan">Waterford Township</a>) - Charter passenger facility.</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Major highways">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Major_highways">Major highways</span></h3>
<table class="wikitable" style="width: 80%;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="width: 5%;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-75.svg"><img alt="I-75.svg" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/I-75.svg/25px-I-75.svg.png" width="25" /></a></center>
</td> <td>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter P. Chrysler</a> Freeway) is the main north-south route in the region, serving Flint, Pontiac, Troy, and Detroit, before continuing south (as the Fisher and Detoit-Toledo Freeways) to serve many of the communities along the shore of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie">Lake Erie</a>.</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="width: 5%;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-96.svg"><img alt="I-96.svg" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/I-96.svg/25px-I-96.svg.png" width="25" /></a></center>
</td> <td>runs northwest-southeast through Oakland County and (as the Jeffries Freeway) has its eastern terminus in downtown Detroit.</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="width: 5%;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-275.svg"><img alt="I-275.svg" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/I-275.svg/31px-I-275.svg.png" width="31" /></a></center>
</td> <td>runs north-south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit.</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="width: 5%;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-696.svg"><img alt="I-696.svg" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/I-696.svg/31px-I-696.svg.png" width="31" /></a></center>
</td> <td>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter P. Reuther</a> Freeway) runs east-west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together, I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit.</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="width: 5%;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_24.svg"><img alt="US 24.svg" height="26" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/US_24.svg/26px-US_24.svg.png" width="26" /></a></center>
</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_24" title="U.S. Route 24">US-24</a> ends north of Pontiac at I-75. To the south, US 24 serves suburban Detroit and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe,_Michigan" title="Monroe, Michigan">Monroe</a> before entering <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio">Ohio</a>. Much of US 24 in Oakland County is named <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_Road_%28Michigan%29" title="Telegraph Road (Michigan)">Telegraph Road</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_24" title="US 24">US 24</a>), and it is a major north-south road extending from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a> through Monroe, Wayne, and Oakland Counties to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac,_Michigan" title="Pontiac, Michigan">Pontiac</a>. It gained notoriety in a song (<i>Telegraph Road</i>) by the group <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_Straits">Dire Straits</a>.</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="width: 5%;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M-1.svg"><img alt="M-1.svg" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/M-1.svg/25px-M-1.svg.png" width="25" /></a></center>
</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-1_%28Michigan_highway%29" title="M-1 (Michigan highway)">M-1</a> (Woodward Avenue) has a northern terminus in Pontiac. The route continues southerly from Oakland County into the City of Detroit, ending downtown. The Detroit Zoo is located along M-1 in Oakland County. M-1 is also home to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodward_Dream_Cruise">Woodward Dream Cruise</a>, a classic-car cruise from Pontiac to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferndale,_Michigan" title="Ferndale, Michigan">Ferndale</a> that is held in August. It is the largest single-day classic-car cruise in America.</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="width: 5%;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M-5.svg"><img alt="M-5.svg" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/M-5.svg/25px-M-5.svg.png" width="25" /></a></center>
</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-5_%28Michigan_highway%29" title="M-5 (Michigan highway)">M-5</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="width: 5%;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M-10.svg"><img alt="M-10.svg" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/M-10.svg/25px-M-10.svg.png" width="25" /></a></center>
</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-10_%28Michigan_highway%29" title="M-10 (Michigan highway)">M-10</a>: The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Lodge">John C. Lodge</a> Freeway runs largely parallel to I-75 from Southfield to downtown Detroit.</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="width: 5%;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M-15.svg"><img alt="M-15.svg" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/M-15.svg/25px-M-15.svg.png" width="25" /></a></center>
</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-15_%28Michigan_highway%29" title="M-15 (Michigan highway)">M-15</a> (Ortonville Road, Main St. in Clarkston)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="width: 5%;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M-24.svg"><img alt="M-24.svg" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/M-24.svg/25px-M-24.svg.png" width="25" /></a></center>
</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-24_%28Michigan_highway%29" title="M-24 (Michigan highway)">M-24</a> (Lapeer Road) has a southern terminus at I-75 north of Pontiac. To the north, the route continues to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapeer,_Michigan" title="Lapeer, Michigan">Lapeer</a> and beyond. Note: M-24 and US 24 do not intersect at present, although this was the case until the 1950s.</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="width: 5%;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M-39.svg"><img alt="M-39.svg" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/M-39.svg/25px-M-39.svg.png" width="25" /></a></center>
</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-39_%28Michigan_highway%29" title="M-39 (Michigan highway)">M-39</a>: The Southfield Freeway runs north-south from Southfield to Allen Park from I-94. North of 10 Mile Road, the freeway ends and continues as Southfield Road into Birmingham.</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="width: 5%;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M-59.svg"><img alt="M-59.svg" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/M-59.svg/25px-M-59.svg.png" width="25" /></a></center>
</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-59_%28Michigan_highway%29" title="M-59 (Michigan highway)">M-59</a> (Highland Road [from Pontiac westerly], Huron Street [within Pontiac] and Veterans Memorial Freeway [Pontiac to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica,_Michigan" title="Utica, Michigan">Utica</a>]), continues east in Macomb County as Hall Road to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Clinton Charter Township, Michigan">Clinton Township</a> and west to I-96 near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howell,_Michigan" title="Howell, Michigan">Howell</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="width: 5%;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M-102.svg"><img alt="M-102.svg" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/M-102.svg/25px-M-102.svg.png" width="25" /></a></center>
</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-102_%28Michigan_highway%29" title="M-102 (Michigan highway)">M-102</a> Perhaps better known as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Mile_Road" title="8 Mile Road">8 Mile Road</a>, M-102 follows the Oakland/Wayne County boundary line for most of its length. 8 Mile Road, known by many due to the film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Mile_%28film%29" title="8 Mile (film)">8 Mile</a></i>, forms the dividing line between Detroit on the south and the suburbs of Macomb and Oakland counties on the north. It is also known as Baseline Road outside of Detroit, because it coincides with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseline_%28surveying%29" title="Baseline (surveying)">baseline</a> used in surveying Michigan; that baseline is also the boundary for a number of Michigan counties, as well as the boundary for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois">Illinois</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. It is designated as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-102_%28Michigan_highway%29" title="M-102 (Michigan highway)">M-102</a> for much of its length in Wayne County.</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="width: 5%;"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M-150.svg"><img alt="M-150.svg" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/M-150.svg/25px-M-150.svg.png" width="25" /></a></center>
</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-150_%28Michigan_highway%29" title="M-150 (Michigan highway)">M-150</a> (Rochester Road) serves as a spur highway from M-59 into the city of Rochester.</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other major roads">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Other_major_roads">Other major roads</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_River_Avenue" title="Grand River Avenue">Grand River Avenue</a> connects the suburbs of Brighton, Novi, and Farmington to downtown Detroit. The avenue follows the route of old <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_16">U.S. Route 16</a>, before I-96 replaced it in 1962. It is one of the five roads planned by Judge August Woodward to radiate out from Detroit and connect the city to other parts of the state.</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mile roads">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Mile_roads">Mile roads</span></h3>
<ul>
<li>Surface-street navigation in metro Detroit is commonly anchored by "mile roads," major east-west surface streets that are spaced at one-mile (1.6 km) intervals and increment as one travels north and away from the city center. Mile roads sometimes have two names, the numeric name (e.g., 15 Mile Road), used in Macomb County, and a local name (e.g., Maple Road), used in Oakland County (for the most part). <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_Road_System_%28Detroit%29" title="Mile Road System (Detroit)">Mile Road System (Detroit)</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bicycling">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Bicycling">Bicycling</span></h3>
The conditions on most non-residential roads in Oakland County are not favorable to bicycling. Exceptions to this are primarily in the inner-ring suburbs within the southeast corner of the county. This is due to their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">street grid</a>.<br />
A primary reason for these unfavorable cycling conditions is the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road_Commission_for_Oakland_County&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Road Commission for Oakland County (page does not exist)">Road Commission for Oakland County</a> has a policy of not accommodating bicycles on the road. As a result, some communities have designated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidepath" title="Sidepath">sidepaths</a> (locally called "safety paths") as bike routes which do not meet the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Officials">American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials</a> (AASHTO) guidelines for bicycling facilities and have been found to be less safe than on-road bike facilities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup><br />
As a result, there are no designated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_American_Bicyclists#Bicycle-friendly_communities" title="League of American Bicyclists">Bicycle Friendly Communities</a> within Oakland County.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi,_Michigan" title="Novi, Michigan">Novi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkley,_Michigan" title="Berkley, Michigan">Berkley</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clawson,_Michigan" title="Clawson, Michigan">Clawson</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferndale,_Michigan" title="Ferndale, Michigan">Ferndale</a> have passed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_streets">Complete Streets</a> resolutions or ordinances. Only the city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferndale,_Michigan" title="Ferndale, Michigan">Ferndale</a> has a comprehensive bicycle network. The city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_Michigan" title="Troy, Michigan">Troy</a> has developed the first non-motorized plan within the county but it has not been adopted by their city council (as of October 2010.) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Oak,_Michigan" title="Royal Oak, Michigan">Royal Oak</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi,_Michigan" title="Novi, Michigan">Novi</a> are currently developing non-motorized plans.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Programs">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Programs">Programs</span></h2>
<b>Oakland County Community and Home Improvement Division</b><br />
Funded through The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) primarily in the form of Community Development Block Grants (CDBG), this program benefits low to moderate income residents of the 50 communities in Oakland County's program. CDBG funds are used to keep residential neighborhoods sound, attractive, and economically viable.<br />
One facet of the program involves distributing low-interest, deferred-payment loans to homeowners in participating communities to update their residences. Oakland County technicians inspect approved homes and write up work specifications, which are then bid out to approximately six contractors. After bidding, homeowners may either approve the lowest bidder or pay the difference between the lowest bidder and the contractor of their choice.<br />
<br />
<b>Oakland County Homebuyer Program For Vacant Foreclosed Properties</b><br />
Oakland County's Homebuyer Program for vacant foreclosed properties is part of the Neighborhood Stabilization Program (NSP) created by the U.S. Congress in 2008 for redeveloping and occupying abandoned and foreclosed homes. NSP is funded through The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Office of Community Planning and Development under the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program and locally administered by the staff at the Oakland County Community & Home Improvement Division.<br />
Oakland County's Homebuyer Program provides homebuyers loans for down payment assistance, closing costs, home improvements for eligible vacant foreclosed single family homes located within participating Oakland County communities.<br />
<br />
<b>Oakland County Main Street Program</b><br />
Oakland County established the first county-level Main Street program in the U.S. in February 2000.<br />
<a class="external text" href="http://www.oakgov.com/peds/program_service/main_street/mainstreetoc.html" rel="nofollow">Main Street Oakland County (MSOC)</a> is housed within the Planning Group of the Planning & Economic Development Services Division of Oakland County's Department of Community & Economic Development. Oakland County is now a partner with the <a class="external text" href="http://www.mainstreet.org/" rel="nofollow">National Trust's Main Street Center</a> and contracts with them for services to the county and local communities.<br />
MSOC ...<br />
<ul>
<li>empowers Oakland County's traditional downtowns to establish and/or maintain successful, comprehensive, ongoing revitalization programs;</li>
<li>builds a greater awareness of the economic and quality of life importance of revitalizing and maintaining the county's historic commercial districts;</li>
<li>provides the stakeholders of Oakland County's traditional downtowns with technical assistance and training resources;</li>
<li>provides information about downtown revitalization to the county's communities, business organizations, and residents;</li>
<li>assists communities in implementing the "Main Street Four Point Approach" to downtown management in each of the county's traditional downtowns and corridors;</li>
<li>facilitates networking and communication between communities about downtown revitalization;</li>
<li>provides information about county business finance programs and other economic development resources to existing downtown businesses and to those considering downtown locations;</li>
<li>monitors and measures progress and success in local downtown revitalization efforts; and</li>
<li>assists each of the county's 30 traditional downtowns and town centers to help them realize their full economic development potential while preserving their sense of place.</li>
</ul>
MSOC is currently working with 12 downtowns in Oakland County. These communities were selected after a detailed application process in which they demonstrated their readiness and commitment to participating in the National Trust Main Street program.<br />
<b>Oakland County's Main Street Communities</b><br />
<table class="wikitable"><tbody>
<tr> <td><a class="external text" href="http://www.oakgov.com/peds/program_service/main_street/Community/farmington.html" rel="nofollow">Farmington</a></td> <td><a class="external text" href="http://www.oakgov.com/peds/program_service/main_street/Community/keegoharbor.html" rel="nofollow">Keego Harbor</a></td> <td><a class="external text" href="http://www.oakgov.com/peds/program_service/main_street/Community/pontiac.html" rel="nofollow">Pontiac</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a class="external text" href="http://www.oakgov.com/peds/program_service/main_street/Community/ferndale.html" rel="nofollow">Ferndale</a></td> <td><a class="external text" href="http://www.oakgov.com/peds/program_service/main_street/Community/lakeorion.html" rel="nofollow">Lake Orion</a></td> <td><a class="external text" href="http://www.oakgov.com/peds/program_service/main_street/Community/rochester.html" rel="nofollow">Rochester</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a class="external text" href="http://www.oakgov.com/peds/program_service/main_street/Community/highland.html" rel="nofollow">Highland</a></td> <td><a class="external text" href="http://www.oakgov.com/peds/program_service/main_street/Community/ortonville.html" rel="nofollow">Ortonville</a></td> <td><a class="external text" href="http://www.oakgov.com/peds/program_service/main_street/Community/royaloak.html" rel="nofollow">Royal Oak</a></td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a class="external text" href="http://www.oakgov.com/peds/program_service/main_street/Community/holly.html" rel="nofollow">Holly</a></td> <td><a class="external text" href="http://www.oakgov.com/peds/program_service/main_street/Community/oxford.html" rel="nofollow">Oxford</a></td> <td><a class="external text" href="http://www.oakgov.com/peds/program_service/main_street/Community/walledlake.html" rel="nofollow">Walled Lake</a></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span></h2>
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Higher education">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Higher_education">Higher education</span></h3>
Oakland County is home to several institutions of higher education.<br />
<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baker_College_of_Auburn_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Baker College of Auburn Hills (page does not exist)">Baker College of Auburn Hills</a>, located in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_Hills,_Michigan">Auburn Hills, Michigan</a>,(Not fully Accredited) has a current enrollment of approximately 5,000 students. Baker College of Auburn Hills is part of the nine campus Baker College System.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_University">Oakland University</a>, located in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Michigan" title="Rochester, Michigan">Rochester</a>, is a research university with more than 18,000 students. Rated as one of the country's 82 Doctoral/Research universities by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Teaching">Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching</a>, OU announced plans in the spring of 2007 to establish a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school">medical school</a> on its campus in collaboration with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beaumont_Hospital">William Beaumont Hospital</a>. The medical school, which will be the fourth in the state of Michigan to offer the M.D. degree, is slated to open in 2010. OU has also partnered with The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_M._Cooley_Law_School">Thomas M. Cooley Law School</a> which operates one of its campuses near OU, to provide a legal curriculum.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Technological_University">Lawrence Technological University</a>, located in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southfield,_Michigan" title="Southfield, Michigan">Southfield</a>, has a current enrollment of approximately 4,000 students. Lawrence Tech, which was originally founded in 1932 as Lawrence Institute of Technology, is consistently ranked in the top tier of Midwestern Master's Universities in the annual <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i> rankings.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_College">Rochester College</a>, located in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Michigan" title="Rochester, Michigan">Rochester</a>, has a current enrollment of approximately 1,000 students. Affiliated with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churches_of_Christ">Churches of Christ</a>, Rochester College offers a variety of academic programs in the liberal arts and sciences, business, and education.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_University">South University</a> has a new campus in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi,_Michigan" title="Novi, Michigan">Novi</a> on Twelve Mile Road just east of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Oaks_Mall">Twelve Oaks Mall</a>.<br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsh_College" title="Walsh College">Walsh College</a>, officially Walsh College of Accountancy and Business, has campuses in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_Michigan" title="Troy, Michigan">Troy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi,_Michigan" title="Novi, Michigan">Novi</a>, and in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macomb_County,_Michigan" title="Macomb County, Michigan">Macomb County</a>.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Community_College">Oakland Community College</a>, which is one of Michigan's largest community colleges, operates five campuses throughout Oakland County: Orchard Ridge, Auburn Hills, Southfield, Highland Lakes, and Royal Oak.<br />
<h3>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</span></h3>
Many of the public school districts in Oakland County have multiple "National Exemplary" Schools. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Academy">International Academy</a> (IA), which is part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomfield_Hills_School_District">Bloomfield Hills School District</a>, has been ranked by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek">Newsweek</a> as one of the top 10 public high schools in the nation every year since 2003, when IA was ranked the top public high school in the United States.<br />
Oakland County also is home to a number of well-known private schools, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Country_Day_School">Detroit Country Day School</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Rice_High_School_%28Michigan%29" title="Brother Rice High School (Michigan)">Brother Rice High School</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbrook_Schools">Cranbrook Schools</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_Catholic_High_School" title="Everest Catholic High School">Everest Academy</a>, and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roeper_School" title="Roeper School">Roeper School</a>.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span></h2>
<table class="wikitable"><tbody>
<tr> <th scope="col">Club</th> <th scope="col">League</th> <th scope="col">Venue</th> <th scope="col">Established</th> <th scope="col">Championships</th> </tr>
<tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Pistons">Detroit Pistons</a></th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association">National Basketball Association</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Palace_of_Auburn_Hills">The Palace of Auburn Hills</a></td> <td>1958 (moved to the Palace in 1988)</td> <td>3</td> </tr>
<tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Shock">Detroit Shock</a></th> <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womens_National_Basketball_Association" title="Womens National Basketball Association">Womens National Basketball Association</a></td> <td>Moved to Oklahoma, October 2009</td> <td>1998</td> <td>3</td> </tr>
<tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County_Cruisers">Oakland County Cruisers</a></th> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_League" title="Frontier League">FL</a>, Baseball</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_at_the_Summit">Diamond at the Summit</a></td> <td>2009</td> <td>0</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<div class="noprint tright portal" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0.5em 0pt 0.5em 0.5em;">
<table style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 85%; line-height: 110%; max-width: 175px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Detroit,_Michigan.svg"><img alt="Flag of Detroit, Michigan.svg" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Detroit%2C_Michigan.svg/47px-Flag_of_Detroit%2C_Michigan.svg.png" width="47" /></a></td> <td style="padding: 0pt 0.2em;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Metro_Detroit" title="Portal:Metro Detroit">Metro Detroit portal</a></b></i></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw_Trail">Saginaw Trail</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County_Child_Killer">Oakland County Child Killer</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist">
<div class="references">
<ol>
<li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://oaklandweb.com/govt/county/county_history.htm" rel="nofollow">"History of Oakland County,"</a> <i>OaklandWeb.com</i>. Retrieved 2007-07-02.</li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=Search&geo_id=05000US26099&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US26%7C05000US26099&_street=&_county=Oakland+County&_cityTown=Oakland+County&_state=04000US26&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=050&_submenuId=population_0&ds_name=null&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=" rel="nofollow">"American FactFinder"</a> <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a></i>, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-01.</li>
<li id="cite_note-GR6-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_ref-GR6_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=/cffiles/counties/usamap.cfm" rel="nofollow">"Find a County"</a>. National Association of Counties<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=/cffiles/counties/usamap.cfm" rel="nofollow">http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=/cffiles/counties/usamap.cfm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-01-31</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Find+a+County&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=National+Association+of+Counties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naco.org%2FTemplate.cfm%3FSection%3DFind_a_County%26Template%3D%2Fcffiles%2Fcounties%2Fusamap.cfm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oakland_County,_Michigan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-GR2-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_ref-GR2_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/" rel="nofollow">"American FactFinder"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a><span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/" rel="nofollow">http://factfinder.census.gov</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-01-31</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=American+FactFinder&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BUnited+States+Census+Bureau%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oakland_County,_Michigan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-search_results-4">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_ref-search_results_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_ref-search_results_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> See <a class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-context=dt&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_PCT007&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_PCT010&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_PCT011&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_PCT003&-tree_id=4001&-redoLog=true&-all_geo_types=N&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=05000US26099&-geo_id=05000US26125&-geo_id=05000US26127&-geo_id=05000US26163&-search_results=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en" rel="nofollow">search results</a> from <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a></i>. Retrieved 2007-07-02.</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://detroitjcrc.org/community_relations/detroit.php?page=10080" rel="nofollow">http://detroitjcrc.org/community_relations/detroit.php?page=10080</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_DP3&-geo_id=05000US26125&-context=adp&-ds_name=&-tree_id=309&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=" rel="nofollow">http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_DP3&-geo_id=05000US26125&-context=adp&-ds_name=&-tree_id=309&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Martindale, Mike (January 15, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090115/METRO/901150398" rel="nofollow">"New Oakland prosecutor 'going pretty hard'"</a>. The Detroit News<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090115/METRO/901150398" rel="nofollow">http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090115/METRO/901150398</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-03-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=New+Oakland+prosecutor+%27going+pretty+hard%27&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Martindale&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Martindale%2C%26%2332%3BMike&rft.date=January+15%2C+2009&rft.pub=The+Detroit+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.detnews.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3FAID%3D%2F20090115%2FMETRO%2F901150398&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oakland_County,_Michigan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070520071232/http://www.massbike.org/resources/stats.htm#sidewalk" rel="nofollow">"Risk of Sidewalk and Wrong-way Riding"</a>. <i>Bicyclist Injuries: Learning from the Statistics</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.massbike.org/resources/stats.htm#sidewalk" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 2007-05-20<span class="printonly">. <a class="external free" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070520071232/http://www.massbike.org/resources/stats.htm#sidewalk" rel="nofollow">http://web.archive.org/web/20070520071232/http://www.massbike.org/resources/stats.htm#sidewalk</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-03-17</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Risk+of+Sidewalk+and+Wrong-way+Riding&rft.atitle=Bicyclist+Injuries%3A+Learning+from+the+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070520071232%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.massbike.org%2Fresources%2Fstats.htm%23sidewalk&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Oakland_County,_Michigan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.oakgov.com/" rel="nofollow">Oakland County</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.oakgov.com/oss/assets/docs/base_CVTs_letter.pdf" rel="nofollow">Map of Oakland County</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=micounty;cc=micounty;sid=b92ef34ac7eae292063c88e0fdcc9d82;q1=Oakland;view=toc;idno=arx1007.0001.001" rel="nofollow"><i>An Account of Oakland County</i></a> edited by Lillian Drake Avery. Dayton, Ohio: National Historical Association, Inc., [1925?]</li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.clarke.cmich.edu/localhistory/Oakland.htm" rel="nofollow">Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University, Bibliography on Oakland County</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.automationalley.com/" rel="nofollow">Automation Alley</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.oakgov.com/peds/" rel="nofollow">Main Street Oakland County</a></li>
<li><a class="external text" href="http://www.oakgov.com/chi/home_improvement/" rel="nofollow">Oakland County Home Improvement Division</a></li>
</ul>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" id="collapsibleTable0" style="color: inherit; width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#" id="collapseButton0">show</a>]</span><span style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><span style="white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: -0.12em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Template:Oakland County, Michigan"><span style="border: currentColor; font-size: 100%;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="border: currentColor; font-size: 100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Template talk:Oakland County, Michigan"><span style="border: currentColor; font-size: 100%;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style="border: currentColor; font-size: 100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Oakland_County,_Michigan&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border: currentColor; font-size: 100%;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></span><span class="adr" style="font-size: 110%;">Municipalities and communities of <span class="region"><b class="selflink">Oakland County</b>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></span></span></th> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a>: <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac,_Michigan" title="Pontiac, Michigan">Pontiac</a></b></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_Hills,_Michigan" title="Auburn Hills, Michigan">Auburn Hills</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkley,_Michigan" title="Berkley, Michigan">Berkley</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Michigan" title="Birmingham, Michigan">Birmingham</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomfield_Hills,_Michigan" title="Bloomfield Hills, Michigan">Bloomfield Hills</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkston,_Michigan" title="Clarkston, Michigan">Clarkston</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clawson,_Michigan" title="Clawson, Michigan">Clawson</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington_Hills,_Michigan" title="Farmington Hills, Michigan">Farmington Hills</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington,_Michigan" title="Farmington, Michigan">Farmington</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenton,_Michigan" title="Fenton, Michigan">Fenton</a>‡ | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferndale,_Michigan" title="Ferndale, Michigan">Ferndale</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Park,_Michigan" title="Hazel Park, Michigan">Hazel Park</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Woods,_Michigan" title="Huntington Woods, Michigan">Huntington Woods</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keego_Harbor,_Michigan" title="Keego Harbor, Michigan">Keego Harbor</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Angelus,_Michigan" title="Lake Angelus, Michigan">Lake Angelus</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathrup_Village,_Michigan" title="Lathrup Village, Michigan">Lathrup Village</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Heights,_Michigan" title="Madison Heights, Michigan">Madison Heights</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northville,_Michigan" title="Northville, Michigan">Northville</a>‡ | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi,_Michigan" title="Novi, Michigan">Novi</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Park,_Michigan" title="Oak Park, Michigan">Oak Park</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard_Lake_Village,_Michigan" title="Orchard Lake Village, Michigan">Orchard Lake Village</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Ridge,_Michigan" title="Pleasant Ridge, Michigan">Pleasant Ridge</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac,_Michigan" title="Pontiac, Michigan">Pontiac</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Hills,_Michigan" title="Rochester Hills, Michigan">Rochester Hills</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Michigan" title="Rochester, Michigan">Rochester</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Oak,_Michigan" title="Royal Oak, Michigan">Royal Oak</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lyon,_Michigan" title="South Lyon, Michigan">South Lyon</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southfield,_Michigan" title="Southfield, Michigan">Southfield</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvan_Lake,_Michigan" title="Sylvan Lake, Michigan">Sylvan Lake</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_Michigan" title="Troy, Michigan">Troy</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walled_Lake,_Michigan" title="Walled Lake, Michigan">Walled Lake</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wixom,_Michigan" title="Wixom, Michigan">Wixom</a></div>
</div>
</td> <td rowspan="11" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; width: 0%;"><div class="center">
<div class="floatnone">
<img alt="" height="100" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Oakland_County.svg/85px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Oakland_County.svg.png" width="85" /></div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_%28United_States%29" title="Village (United States)">Villages</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_Michigan" title="Beverly Hills, Michigan">Beverly Hills</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingham_Farms,_Michigan" title="Bingham Farms, Michigan">Bingham Farms</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Michigan" title="Franklin, Michigan">Franklin</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly,_Michigan" title="Holly, Michigan">Holly</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Orion,_Michigan" title="Lake Orion, Michigan">Lake Orion</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard,_Michigan" title="Leonard, Michigan">Leonard</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford,_Michigan" title="Milford, Michigan">Milford</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortonville,_Michigan" title="Ortonville, Michigan">Ortonville</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_Michigan" title="Oxford, Michigan">Oxford</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_Lake,_Michigan" title="Wolverine Lake, Michigan">Wolverine Lake</a></div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_township" title="Charter township">Charter<br />
townships</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomfield_Township,_Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Bloomfield Township, Oakland County, Michigan">Bloomfield</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Township,_Michigan" title="Brandon Township, Michigan">Brandon</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_Township,_Michigan" title="Commerce Township, Michigan">Commerce</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Township,_Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Highland Township, Oakland County, Michigan">Highland</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Township,_Michigan" title="Independence Township, Michigan">Independence</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_Township,_Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Lyon Township, Oakland County, Michigan">Lyon</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford_Township,_Michigan" title="Milford Township, Michigan">Milford</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Oakland Charter Township, Michigan">Oakland</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Township,_Michigan" title="Orion Township, Michigan">Orion</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Oxford Charter Township, Michigan">Oxford</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Oak_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Royal Oak Charter Township, Michigan">Royal Oak</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Township,_Michigan" title="Waterford Township, Michigan">Waterford</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bloomfield_Township,_Michigan" title="West Bloomfield Township, Michigan">West Bloomfield</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Lake_Township,_Michigan" title="White Lake Township, Michigan">White Lake</a></div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">General law<br />
townships</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addison_Township,_Michigan" title="Addison Township, Michigan">Addison</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groveland_Township,_Michigan" title="Groveland Township, Michigan">Groveland</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Township,_Michigan" title="Holly Township, Michigan">Holly</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Township,_Michigan" title="Novi Township, Michigan">Novi</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Township,_Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Rose Township, Oakland County, Michigan">Rose</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southfield_Township,_Michigan" title="Southfield Township, Michigan">Southfield</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Township,_Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Springfield Township, Oakland County, Michigan">Springfield</a></div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated<br />
communities</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drayton_Plains,_Michigan" title="Drayton Plains, Michigan">Drayton Plains</a> | <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodison,_Michigan" title="Goodison, Michigan">Goodison</a> | <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeville,_Michigan" title="Lakeville, Michigan">Lakeville</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Lake,_Michigan" title="Union Lake, Michigan">Union Lake</a></div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);">Footnotes</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<div>
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" id="collapsibleTable1" style="color: inherit; width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#" id="collapseButton1">show</a>]</span><span style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><span style="white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: -0.12em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Metro_Detroit" title="Template:Metro Detroit"><span style="border: currentColor; font-size: 100%;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="border: currentColor; font-size: 100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Metro_Detroit" title="Template talk:Metro Detroit"><span style="border: currentColor; font-size: 100%;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style="border: currentColor; font-size: 100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Metro_Detroit&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border: currentColor; font-size: 100%;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Detroit">Metro Detroit</a></span></th> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);">Topics</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_metropolitan_Detroit" title="Architecture of metropolitan Detroit">Architecture</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Detroit" title="Culture of Detroit">Culture</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_River">Detroit River</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_metropolitan_Detroit" title="Economy of metropolitan Detroit">Economy</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_and_freeways_in_metropolitan_Detroit" title="Roads and freeways in metropolitan Detroit">Freeways</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Detroit" title="History of Detroit">History</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Detroit,_Michigan" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Detroit, Michigan">Historic places</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_International_Riverfront" title="Detroit International Riverfront">International Riverfront</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_St._Clair_%28North_America%29" title="Lake St. Clair (North America)">Lake St. Clair</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_metropolitan_Detroit" title="Media in metropolitan Detroit">Media</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Detroit" title="Music of Detroit">Music</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Parks_in_metropolitan_Detroit" title="Template:Parks in metropolitan Detroit">Parks and beaches</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Detroit" title="List of people from Detroit">People</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Detroit" title="List of tallest buildings in Detroit">Skyscrapers</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_Detroit" title="Sports in Detroit">Sports</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_in_Detroit" title="Theatre in Detroit">Theatre</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_metropolitan_Detroit" title="Tourism in metropolitan Detroit">Tourism</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_metropolitan_Detroit" title="Transportation in metropolitan Detroit">Transportation</a></div>
</td> <td rowspan="17" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; width: 0%;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Large_Detroit_Landsat.jpg" title="Simulated satellite image of Metro Detroit"><img alt="Simulated satellite image of Metro Detroit" height="100" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Large_Detroit_Landsat.jpg/100px-Large_Detroit_Landsat.jpg" width="100" /></a></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);">Major city</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit">Detroit</a></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);">Municipalities<br />
<small>over 80,000</small></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Canton Charter Township, Michigan">Canton Township</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_Township_of_Clinton,_Michigan" title="Charter Township of Clinton, Michigan">Clinton Township</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan" title="Dearborn, Michigan">Dearborn</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia,_Michigan" title="Livonia, Michigan">Livonia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Heights,_Michigan" title="Sterling Heights, Michigan">Sterling Heights</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_Michigan" title="Troy, Michigan">Troy</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren,_Michigan" title="Warren, Michigan">Warren</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland,_Michigan" title="Westland, Michigan">Westland</a></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);">Municipalities<br />
<small>50,000 to 80,000</small></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearborn_Heights,_Michigan" title="Dearborn Heights, Michigan">Dearborn Heights</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington_Hills,_Michigan" title="Farmington Hills, Michigan">Farmington Hills</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosse_Pointe">Grosse Pointe</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macomb_Township,_Michigan" title="Macomb Township, Michigan">Macomb Township</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi,_Michigan" title="Novi, Michigan">Novi</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac,_Michigan" title="Pontiac, Michigan">Pontiac</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redford_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Redford Charter Township, Michigan">Redford Township</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Hills,_Michigan" title="Rochester Hills, Michigan">Rochester Hills</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Oak,_Michigan" title="Royal Oak, Michigan">Royal Oak</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Clair_Shores,_Michigan" title="Saint Clair Shores, Michigan">Saint Clair Shores</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Shelby Charter Township, Michigan">Shelby Township</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southfield,_Michigan" title="Southfield, Michigan">Southfield</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor,_Michigan" title="Taylor, Michigan">Taylor</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Township,_Michigan" title="Waterford Township, Michigan">Waterford Township</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bloomfield_Township,_Michigan" title="West Bloomfield Township, Michigan">West Bloomfield Township</a></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);">Satellite cities</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton,_Michigan" title="Brighton, Michigan">Brighton</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howell,_Michigan" title="Howell, Michigan">Howell</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapeer,_Michigan" title="Lapeer, Michigan">Lapeer</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe,_Michigan" title="Monroe, Michigan">Monroe</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Huron,_Michigan" title="Port Huron, Michigan">Port Huron</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario">Windsor, Ontario</a></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);">Counties in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" title="Metropolitan Statistical Area">MSA</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapeer_County,_Michigan" title="Lapeer County, Michigan">Lapeer</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_County,_Michigan" title="Livingston County, Michigan">Livingston</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macomb_County,_Michigan" title="Macomb County, Michigan">Macomb</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <b class="selflink">Oakland</b> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Michigan" title="St. Clair County, Michigan">St. Clair</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_County,_Michigan" title="Wayne County, Michigan">Wayne</a></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);">Counties in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Statistical_Area" title="Combined Statistical Area">CSA</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesee_County,_Michigan" title="Genesee County, Michigan">Genesee</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County,_Michigan" title="Monroe County, Michigan">Monroe</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washtenaw_County,_Michigan" title="Washtenaw County, Michigan">Washtenaw</a></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);">Regions</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Michigan">Southeast Michigan</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_region_%28North_America%29" title="Great Lakes region (North America)">Great Lakes</a></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);">Outlying regions</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Michigan">Central Michigan</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint/Tri-Cities">Flint/Tri-Cities</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Ohio">Northwest Ohio</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Ontario">Southwestern Ontario</a></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: rgb(170, 221, 255);"><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan"><img alt="Michigan" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan">Michigan</a> · <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="22" /> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United States</a></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="padding: 2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" id="collapsibleTable2" style="color: inherit; width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan#" id="collapseButton2">show</a>]</span><span style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><span style="white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: -0.12em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Michigan" title="Template:Michigan"><span style="border: currentColor; font-size: 100%;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="border: currentColor; font-size: 100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Michigan" title="Template talk:Michigan"><span style="border: currentColor; font-size: 100%;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style="border: currentColor; font-size: 100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Michigan&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border: currentColor; font-size: 100%;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 110%;"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan">Michigan</a></span></th> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States"><span style="color: #00e000;">capital</span></a>)</td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Michigan" title="Category:Michigan">Topics</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<div>
<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Michigan" title="United States congressional delegations from Michigan">Congressional delegation</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Michigan" title="Geography of Michigan">Geography</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Michigan" title="List of Governors of Michigan">Governors</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">History</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Michigan" title="List of islands of Michigan">Islands</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Legislature" title="Michigan Legislature">Legislature</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Michigan" title="Lieutenant Governor of Michigan">Lieutenant Governors</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lighthouses_of_Michigan" title="Template:Lighthouses of Michigan">Lighthouses</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Michigan" title="List of museums in Michigan">Museums</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Michigan" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Michigan">National Historic Landmarks</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Michigan" title="List of people from Michigan">People</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Michigan" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan">Registered Historic Places</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Michigan_state_parks" title="List of Michigan state parks">State parks</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Supreme_Court" title="Michigan Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Michigan" title="List of tallest buildings in Michigan">Tallest buildings</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Michigan_history" title="Timeline of Michigan history">Timeline</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Michigan-related_articles" title="Index of Michigan-related articles">Topics</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Visitor_attractions_in_Michigan" title="Category:Visitor attractions in Michigan">Visitor attractions</a></span></div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Michigan" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;"><tbody>
<tr> <td class="navbox-group" style="font-size: smaller; padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; text-align: center;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula</a></div>
</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Country">Copper Country</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keweenaw_Peninsula">Keweenaw Peninsula</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogebic_Range">Gogebic Range</a></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr> <td class="navbox-group" style="font-size: smaller; padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; text-align: center;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Lower Peninsula of Michigan">Lower Peninsula</a></div>
</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Michigan">Central Michigan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Michigan">Southern Michigan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint/Tri-Cities">Flint/Tri-Cities</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thumb">The Thumb</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-Cities_%28Michigan%29" title="Tri-Cities (Michigan)">The Greater Tri Cities</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiana">Michiana</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Michigan">Northern Michigan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Michigan">Southeast Michigan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Detroit">Metro Detroit</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Michigan">West Michigan</a></span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Michigan_%28by_population%29" title="List of municipalities in Michigan (by population)">Largest<br />
Municipalities</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<div>
<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpena,_Michigan" title="Alpena, Michigan">Alpena</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Creek,_Michigan" title="Battle Creek, Michigan">Battle Creek</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_City,_Michigan" title="Bay City, Michigan">Bay City</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomfield_Township,_Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Bloomfield Township, Oakland County, Michigan">Bloomfield Township</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Canton Charter Township, Michigan">Canton Township</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield_Township,_Michigan" title="Chesterfield Township, Michigan">Chesterfield Township</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_Township_of_Clinton,_Michigan" title="Charter Township of Clinton, Michigan">Clinton Township</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_Township,_Michigan" title="Commerce Township, Michigan">Commerce Township</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan" title="Dearborn, Michigan">Dearborn</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearborn_Heights,_Michigan" title="Dearborn Heights, Michigan">Dearborn Heights</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit">Detroit</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lansing,_Michigan" title="East Lansing, Michigan">East Lansing</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastpointe,_Michigan" title="Eastpointe, Michigan">Eastpointe</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington_Hills,_Michigan" title="Farmington Hills, Michigan">Farmington Hills</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Township,_Michigan" title="Flint Township, Michigan">Flint Township</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Township,_Michigan" title="Georgetown Township, Michigan">Georgetown Township</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland,_Michigan" title="Holland, Michigan">Holland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Michigan" title="Jackson, Michigan">Jackson</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">Kalamazoo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentwood,_Michigan" title="Kentwood, Michigan">Kentwood</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Park,_Michigan" title="Lincoln Park, Michigan">Lincoln Park</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia,_Michigan" title="Livonia, Michigan">Livonia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macomb_Township,_Michigan" title="Macomb Township, Michigan">Macomb Township</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Meridian Charter Township, Michigan">Meridian Township</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland,_Michigan" title="Midland, Michigan">Midland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan" title="Muskegon, Michigan">Muskegon</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi,_Michigan" title="Novi, Michigan">Novi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac,_Michigan" title="Pontiac, Michigan">Pontiac</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage,_Michigan" title="Portage, Michigan">Portage</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redford_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Redford Charter Township, Michigan">Redford</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Hills,_Michigan" title="Rochester Hills, Michigan">Rochester Hills</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseville,_Michigan" title="Roseville, Michigan">Roseville</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Oak,_Michigan" title="Royal Oak, Michigan">Royal Oak</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw,_Michigan" title="Saginaw, Michigan">Saginaw</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Saginaw Charter Township, Michigan">Saginaw Township</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_Shores,_Michigan" title="St. Clair Shores, Michigan">St. Clair Shores</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Charter_Township,_Michigan" title="Shelby Charter Township, Michigan">Shelby Township</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southfield,_Michigan" title="Southfield, Michigan">Southfield</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Heights,_Michigan" title="Sterling Heights, Michigan">Sterling Heights</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor,_Michigan" title="Taylor, Michigan">Taylor</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_Michigan" title="Troy, Michigan">Troy</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren,_Michigan" title="Warren, Michigan">Warren</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_Township,_Michigan" title="Waterford Township, Michigan">Waterford Township</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bloomfield_Township,_Michigan" title="West Bloomfield Township, Michigan">West Bloomfield</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland,_Michigan" title="Westland, Michigan">Westland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming,_Michigan" title="Wyoming, Michigan">Wyoming</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypsilanti_Township,_Michigan" title="Ypsilanti Township, Michigan">Ypsilanti Township</a></span></div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none; height: 2px;"> <td></td> </tr>
<tr style="display: none;"> <td class="navbox-group"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Michigan" title="List of counties in Michigan">Counties</a></td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 100%;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<div>
<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcona_County,_Michigan" title="Alcona County, Michigan">Alcona</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger_County,_Michigan" title="Alger County, Michigan">Alger</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegan_County,_Michigan" title="Allegan County, Michigan">Allegan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpena_County,_Michigan" title="Alpena County, Michigan">Alpena</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrim_County,_Michigan" title="Antrim County, Michigan">Antrim</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenac_County,_Michigan" title="Arenac County, Michigan">Arenac</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraga_County,_Michigan" title="Baraga County, Michigan">Baraga</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_County,_Michigan" title="Barry County, Michigan">Barry</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_County,_Michigan" title="Bay County, Michigan">Bay</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzie_County,_Michigan" title="Benzie County, Michigan">Benzie</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berrien_County,_Michigan" title="Berrien County, Michigan">Berrien</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_County,_Michigan" title="Branch County, Michigan">Branch</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Michigan" title="Calhoun County, Michigan">Calhoun</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_County,_Michigan" title="Cass County, Michigan">Cass</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlevoix_County,_Michigan" title="Charlevoix County, Michigan">Charlevoix</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheboygan_County,_Michigan" title="Cheboygan County, Michigan">Cheboygan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippewa_County,_Michigan" title="Chippewa County, Michigan">Chippewa</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_County,_Michigan" title="Clare County, Michigan">Clare</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_County,_Michigan" title="Clinton County, Michigan">Clinton</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_County,_Michigan" title="Crawford County, Michigan">Crawford</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_County,_Michigan" title="Delta County, Michigan">Delta</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickinson_County,_Michigan" title="Dickinson County, Michigan">Dickinson</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_County,_Michigan" title="Eaton County, Michigan">Eaton</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmet_County,_Michigan" title="Emmet County, Michigan">Emmet</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesee_County,_Michigan" title="Genesee County, Michigan">Genesee</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladwin_County,_Michigan" title="Gladwin County, Michigan">Gladwin</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogebic_County,_Michigan" title="Gogebic County, Michigan">Gogebic</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Traverse_County,_Michigan" title="Grand Traverse County, Michigan">Grand Traverse</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratiot_County,_Michigan" title="Gratiot County, Michigan">Gratiot</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsdale_County,_Michigan" title="Hillsdale County, Michigan">Hillsdale</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_County,_Michigan" title="Houghton County, Michigan">Houghton</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huron_County,_Michigan" title="Huron County, Michigan">Huron</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingham_County,_Michigan" title="Ingham County, Michigan">Ingham</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionia_County,_Michigan" title="Ionia County, Michigan">Ionia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosco_County,_Michigan" title="Iosco County, Michigan">Iosco</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_County,_Michigan" title="Iron County, Michigan">Iron</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_County,_Michigan" title="Isabella County, Michigan">Isabella</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_County,_Michigan" title="Jackson County, Michigan">Jackson</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamazoo_County,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo County, Michigan">Kalamazoo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkaska_County,_Michigan" title="Kalkaska County, Michigan">Kalkaska</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County,_Michigan" title="Kent County, Michigan">Kent</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keweenaw_County,_Michigan" title="Keweenaw County, Michigan">Keweenaw</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County,_Michigan" title="Lake County, Michigan">Lake</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapeer_County,_Michigan" title="Lapeer County, Michigan">Lapeer</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leelanau_County,_Michigan" title="Leelanau County, Michigan">Leelanau</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenawee_County,_Michigan" title="Lenawee County, Michigan">Lenawee</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_County,_Michigan" title="Livingston County, Michigan">Livingston</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luce_County,_Michigan" title="Luce County, Michigan">Luce</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackinac_County,_Michigan" title="Mackinac County, Michigan">Mackinac</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macomb_County,_Michigan" title="Macomb County, Michigan">Macomb</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manistee_County,_Michigan" title="Manistee County, Michigan">Manistee</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette_County,_Michigan" title="Marquette County, Michigan">Marquette</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason_County,_Michigan" title="Mason County, Michigan">Mason</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecosta_County,_Michigan" title="Mecosta County, Michigan">Mecosta</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menominee_County,_Michigan" title="Menominee County, Michigan">Menominee</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_County,_Michigan" title="Midland County, Michigan">Midland</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missaukee_County,_Michigan" title="Missaukee County, Michigan">Missaukee</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County,_Michigan" title="Monroe County, Michigan">Monroe</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montcalm_County,_Michigan" title="Montcalm County, Michigan">Montcalm</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montmorency_County,_Michigan" title="Montmorency County, Michigan">Montmorency</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskegon_County,_Michigan" title="Muskegon County, Michigan">Muskegon</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newaygo_County,_Michigan" title="Newaygo County, Michigan">Newaygo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b class="selflink">Oakland</b> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceana_County,_Michigan" title="Oceana County, Michigan">Oceana</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogemaw_County,_Michigan" title="Ogemaw County, Michigan">Ogemaw</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontonagon_County,_Michigan" title="Ontonagon County, Michigan">Ontonagon</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osceola_County,_Michigan" title="Osceola County, Michigan">Osceola</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscoda_County,_Michigan" title="Oscoda County, Michigan">Oscoda</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otsego_County,_Michigan" title="Otsego County, Michigan">Otsego</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_County,_Michigan" title="Ottawa County, Michigan">Ottawa</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presque_Isle_County,_Michigan" title="Presque Isle County, Michigan">Presque Isle</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscommon_County,_Michigan" title="Roscommon County, Michigan">Roscommon</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginaw_County,_Michigan" title="Saginaw County, Michigan">Saginaw</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanilac_County,_Michigan" title="Sanilac County, Michigan">Sanilac</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolcraft_County,_Michigan" title="Schoolcraft County, Michigan">Schoolcraft</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiawassee_County,_Michigan" title="Shiawassee County, Michigan">Shiawassee</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_County,_Michigan" title="St. Clair County, Michigan">St. Clair</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph_County,_Michigan" title="St. Joseph County, Michigan">St. Joseph</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscola_County,_Michigan" title="Tuscola County, Michigan">Tuscola</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Buren_County,_Michigan" title="Van Buren County, Michigan">Van Buren</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washtenaw_County,_Michigan" title="Washtenaw County, Michigan">Washtenaw</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_County,_Michigan" title="Wayne County, Michigan">Wayne</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexford_County,_Michigan" title="Wexford County, Michigan">Wexford</a></span></div>
</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><img alt="" class="noprint" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Erioll_world.svg/18px-Erioll_world.svg.png" style="cursor: pointer; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px;" title="show location on an interactive map" /><a class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Oakland_County,_Michigan&params=42.66_N_-83.38_E_type:adm2nd_region:US-MI_source:UScensus1990" rel="nofollow"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°40′N</span> <span class="longitude">83°23′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.66°N 83.38°W</span><span style="display: none;"> / <span class="geo">42.66; -83.38</span></span></span></a></span></span></span><br />
<div class="printfooter">
Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan</a>"</div>
<div id="mw-normal-catlinks">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Michigan_counties" title="Category:Michigan counties">Michigan counties</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Oakland_County,_Michigan" title="Category:Oakland County, Michigan">Oakland County, Michigan</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Metro_Detroit" title="Category:Metro Detroit">Metro Detroit</a></span></div>
<div id="mw-normal-catlinks">
</div>
<br />
<iframe frameborder="0" height="300" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Golden+touch+painting+and+drywall&aq=&sll=42.491754,-83.367105&sspn=0.151894,0.261955&vpsrc=0&ie=UTF8&hq=Golden+touch+painting+and+drywall&hnear=&t=m&cid=1214029328912577358&ll=42.543975,-83.346748&spn=0.075884,0.102997&z=12&iwloc=A&output=embed" width="300"></iframe><br />
<small><a href="http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=embed&hl=en&geocode=&q=Golden+touch+painting+and+drywall&aq=&sll=42.491754,-83.367105&sspn=0.151894,0.261955&vpsrc=0&ie=UTF8&hq=Golden+touch+painting+and+drywall&hnear=&t=m&cid=1214029328912577358&ll=42.543975,-83.346748&spn=0.075884,0.102997&z=12&iwloc=A" style="color: blue; text-align: left;">View Larger Map</a></small></div>
Golden Touch Painting & Drywall Inc.http://www.blogger.com/profile/16669604050798736334noreply@blogger.com